West Civ final

Monarchy

monarchs, one ruler, inherited.

Oligarchy

a small group of wealthy people, based on wealth and status.

Aristocracy

a small group of wealthy people, all family and inherited.

Democracy

people have a say on who is elected.

Feudalism

a form of government (feudal system).

Feudal Pyramid

1. King 2. Nobels 3. Knights 4. serfs/peasants.

Crusades

fighting over the holy land (Christians fighting Muslims).

Bubonic Plague

a very bad disease that started in China by fleas on rats.

Magna Carta

a document drawn up by the English people in 215 AD, and King John was forced to sign it- it limited the king's powers.

Renaissance

The Renaissance took place in Italy, and it started here because it made Italy a wealthy nation.

Catholic Reformation

happened because the Church needed to keep members loyal, get rid of corruption, and avoid losing people.

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics (focusing on humans).

Secularism

puts worldly pleasures first, religion second.

Martin Luther

Lutheranism.

John Calvin

Calvinism.

Henry VIII

Catholic - Anglican.

Columbian Exchange

global transfer of plants, animals, foods, and diseases.

God, Gold, Glory

motives on why to be an explorer.

Christopher Columbus

found a New World, and thought it was Portugal, but it was America.

Cultural Diffusion

When cultures spread and other places pick up their cultures and ideas.

Triangular Trade

started in the 1500s/16th century.

Absolutism

total control of a country politically, socially, economically, and religiously.

Constitutional monarchy

a monarch who will rule with parliament and follow the constitution.

Divine right

believes the power comes from God.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

Thomas Hobbes

Influential English political philosopher who felt humans were naturally wicked and believed Absolutism was the best type of government.

John Locke

A prolific writer who grew up during the English Civil War and advocated for natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Rousseau

The most controversial philosopher who believed that people in their natural state were good and was anti-absolutism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British writer and thinker whose ideas influenced the women's rights movement.

Montesquieu

Philosopher known for the concept of separation of powers and checks and balances in government.

Voltaire

French philosopher known for being outspoken against inequalities, the slave trade, and criticizing the French government and the Catholic Church.

Heliocentric theory

The sun-centered theory proposed by Nicholas Copernicus and confirmed by Galileo.

French Revolution

A revolution influenced by Enlightenment ideas that spread around the world.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Ruled France from 1799 to 1815, crowned himself in 1804, and established the Napoleonic Code.

Napoleonic Code

A uniform system of laws that everyone has to follow, established by Napoleon.

Third Estate

The group that included the National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, and National Convention, which stormed the Bastille.

Radicals

Jacobins who wanted extreme changes to the government during the French Revolution.

Moderates

Those who wanted little change and were not as extreme as radicals.

Conservatives

Individuals who opposed changes and wanted no government change.

Congress of Vienna

Aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Industrial Revolution

Began in Great Britain, marked the switch from hand production to machines.

Factors of production

Land, labor, capital (wealth), large population, space for factories, wealthy individuals, water, and natural resources.

Positive impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Prices decreased, making items affordable and allowing social mobility.

Negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Long working hours, low wages for women and children, and high rates of factory accidents.

Capitalism

An economic system proposed by Adam Smith where factory owners operate without government intervention.

Socialism

An economic system where the government owns the factors of production to provide welfare and equality.

Communism

An economic system proposed by Karl Marx where there are no social classes and the government controls all businesses.

Urbanization

The shift from rural to urban areas.

Child Labor

Children forced to work in factories under poor conditions.

Women's Suffrage

The movement advocating for women's right to vote.

Nationalism

Loyalty to one's nation/ belief country is better than others, doesn't care about who's in charge.

Positive effects of Nationalism

Can bring minorities together.

Negative effects of Nationalism

Ethnic cleansing, ancient empire crumbles.

Otto von Bismarck

Leader of Prussia, known for unifying 39 countries.

Germany's unification

Germany became a country in 1871.

Bismarck's impact

He and his following leaders became an industrial powerhouse.

Imperialism

Policy of a country being taken over economically, politically, socially, and culturally, when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation.

Berlin Conference

European powers met in Berlin, Germany, to discuss the takeover of Africa and redrew a map of Africa, not caring about tribal groups, ethnic boundaries, languages, etc.

Brightest jewel in the crown

The British called India this because they had the most resources and made the most profit.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indians (sepoys) try to resist the British and fight back.

Raj

British control over India.

Opium Wars

China did not want to trade with Western nations, leading to GB smuggling opium into China, resulting in addiction for 12 million people and war at sea.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The event that triggered the outbreak of World War I.

Triple Entente

Alliance of France, Great Britain, and Russia (Serbia).

Triple Alliance

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and AH.

Allied Powers

GB, France, Italy, Russia (Serbia), and the US (1917).

Central Powers

Germany and AH.

Gallipoli Campaign

Allies tried to establish a supply line to Russia because Russia lacked supplies.

Balkan Peninsula

Known as the powder keg, where the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand took place and where diverse ethnic groups existed.

Lusitania

A British passenger liner sunk by a German submarine, leading to U.S. involvement in WWI.

Zimmerman telegram

A coded message sent by Germany to Mexico offering three new states if they started a war with the U.S., which Mexico declined.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

When Russia draws from the war, Germany makes them give land, ensuring Germany is no longer surrounded.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy to go to France first, then rush to Russia, which ultimately did not work.

Total war

Where a country devotes all its resources to the war.

Treaty of Versailles

Made by the Big 4, stating that Germany can't buy land, limit military size, return land to France and Russia, and must accept war guilt and pay for damages.

League of Nations

The peacekeeping organization created with Wilson's 14 points.

Wilson's 14 points

An outline for peace including no secret treaties, freedom of seas, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Czar Nicholas II

The last Romanov to rule Russia, who decided to pull Russia into WWI and created the Duma, Russia's first parliament.

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who started to gain power in Russia with the slogan 'Peace, Land, Bread.'

Bolsheviks

Factory workers who wanted change and were radicals who wanted to fight.

Bloody Sunday

Revolution of 1905 when 200,000 workers and their families marched to the Czar Palace to demand better work conditions.

NEP

New Economic Policy created by Lenin to allow capitalism so people can buy, sell, and trade, which helped the struggling Russian economy.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who advocated for no social class and believed the proletariat should rise up and revolt if they are not getting what they want.

Five-Year Plan

Stalin's plan for the economy aimed at increasing the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity.

Communist Party

Political party proposing no social class as envisioned by Karl Marx.

Joseph Stalin

Dictator of Russia who controlled all aspects of society and used totalitarian methods.

Totalitarianism

A method of control used by dictators involving censorship, indoctrination, and religious persecution.

Great Purge

Stalin's campaign that killed anyone who opposed him, resulting in 8-13 million deaths in one year.

Fascism

Political ideology created by Mussolini.

Axis Powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII.

Allied Powers

The alliance of Great Britain, USSR, and China during WWII.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Hitler.

Rhineland

Buffer zone between France and Germany that Hitler took over.

Sudetenland

Region in northern Czechoslovakia that was discussed at the Munich meeting but not Czechoslovakia itself.

Blitzkrieg

A fast and quick military strategy known as 'lightning war.'

Non-Aggression Pact

Agreement between Hitler and Stalin to not fight or invade each other for 10 years.

FDR

President of the USA during WWII who declared war on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack.

Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party who started WWII and was known as 'Der Fuhrer.'

Mussolini

Leader of Italy and creator of Fascism.

Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain known for the 'Never Surrender' speech.