Sectional Conflict, Expansion and Antebellum Notes

Mexico’s colonization laws

Convert to Catholicism, learn Spanish/become Mexican citizen, no slaves, and given roughly 5000 acres for a small fee

War for Independence: Alamo Feb 23, 1836- Mar 6, 1836

Mission in San Antonio, Sam Houston orders them to retreat, Crockett, Bowie, Travis, all die- ¨Remember the Alamo¨

War for Independence: Goliad March 27, 1836

Sam Houston orders Captain Fanning to retreat, he ignores the order and fights but then surrenders, Mexican General in charge ordered to execute all survivors

War for Independence: San Jacinto

Sam Houston’s army was in retreat, Houston’s men launched a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s men, shouts of ¨remember the Alamo¨, 700 Mexicans killed including Santa Anna, Texans lost 9 killed and 34 hurt, Santa Anna signed a treaty granting Texas independence on April 21 1836

Republic of Texas

Independent Republic March 1836, Sam Houston elected President, asked the US to be annexed but Jackson says no (doesn’t want to start slavery debate)

The West: Fur Traders Frontier 1820s

Rendezvous in the Rockies, James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith

The West: Overland Trails in 1840

Sante Fe, Oregon: 1842- John Fremont & Kit Carson map out the Oregon Trail, California: Sacramento Valley, Mormon The West: Great Salt Lake

Election of 1840

Martin Van Buren (Dem) supported by Locofocos (radical wing of the democrats) vs William Henry Harrison (Whig), Harrison wins

Harrison in Presidency 1840

Tippecanoe and Tyler too, planned to restart Clay’s American System, dies, John Tyler takes over

John Tyler in Presidency

From VA (States rights), vetos a national bank bill (all Cabinet resigns except Webster), confounds his party with vetos, Annex Texas to get reelected (Feb 1845), Webster- Ashburton Treaty, Log Cabin bill: settlers claim 160 acres, pay $1.25 per acre

Election of 1844

Tylers party dropped him, Whig: Henry Clay against immediate annexation of Texas, Democrats split: North- Van Buren, South- Calhoun, less known candidate James Polk, President Tyler annexed Texas at last minute, Polk wins

James Polk in the Election of 1844

Polk promised Manifest Destiny will be fulfilled: Annex Texas, Take all of Oregon (54 40 or fight) became his slogan, buy California, Polk then becomes president & agrees to split Oregon with Britain

Slidell to Mexico Mexican-American War 1846-1848

Buy California and New Mexico, settle Texas border dispute, Mexico says no

War during Mexican-American War 1846-1848

Kearney overlands to California, John Fremont takes N. California, Zachary Taylor takes Buena Vista, WInfield Scott landed at Vera Cruz and marches to Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Rio Grande border, 1/3 of Mexico to US (Mexican Cession) we paid $15 million, pay all claims of US citizen against Mexico

Election of 1848

Whigs: Zachary Taylor (no stance on slavery), Democrats: Lewis Cass (popular sovereignty, Dems considered him a rat because he supported it), Free Soil: Van Buren (no slavery)

2nd Great Awakening

¨Revivals¨ or ¨Camp meetings¨, passionate sermos, preacher proclaiming faith and urge the listeners to do the same, ministers stressed Gods love and mercy rather than his power over people, stressed free will and salvation through faith and good works, rejecting predestination, women are most receptive to the new doctrines

Revivalism in NY 1823 Charles Grandison Finney

Most effective minister of the 2nd Great Awakening: Evangelist- conducted a series of sermons along the Erie Canal ¨Burned over District¨, believed people were ¨moral free agents¨, sinners could experience a ¨change pf heart¨, church membership increased dramatically

Baptists and Methodists

Prevalent on the western frontier and in the south, Peter Cartwright a Methodist minister attracted thousands on the frontier of Kentucky and then Illinois, By 1850, the Methodists will become the largest Protestant denominations in the country with over 1 million members

Millerism

There was a widespread belief that the world was about to come to an end, William Miller, a fiery preacher, set a date of Oct 22, 1844, It did not happen but many of the Millerites became Seventh-Day Adventists

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Founded in NY in 1830 by Joseph Smith, visited by an angel and led to golden plates which he transcribed into the Book of Mormon, it made a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribe of Israel, continued to move west and persecuted everywhere they went, built a community in Nauvoo Illinois 1839, he created a semi-independent state and started training an army, he announced that he was running for President, rumored that he would take over the northwest, Smith will be jailed and murdered by an anti-Mormon mob, Brigham Young becomes their new leader

Brigham Young

Leader of the Latter Day Saints community, 1847 leads them west to the Great Salt Lake, outside the territory of the US, irrigated the settlement and it flourished

Rappites

Germans brought to western PA by George Rappite in 1804, All property and livestock was purchased communally, Took bible literally, Believed the return of Christ would happen in their lifetime

Shaker Communities

Founded by ¨Mother Ann Lee¨, Believed Christ would return in their lifetime, All property, livestock was purchased communally, Celibacy, Communal, named after their frenzied dancing, Stretched from Maine to Kentucky and was the most successful of the experiments, Stressed equality of labor, reward, voluntary acceptance of rule, Old customs, but universally elevated and at times admired, Market Vegetable seeds and beautifully crafted furniture

Oneida Community

Started by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida NY, “complex marriage”, You had to agree to very strict requirements. All observed each other and publicly criticized those who violated rules, Prospered by selling silverware of excellent quality

Flourier Phalanxes

French socialist 1840s, Solve problem of fiercely competitive society he proposed sharing work and living arrangements, Known as fourier phalanxes, Newspaper editor Horace Greeley was interested, Died out quickly because Americans were too individualistic

Temperance

Most popular movement, shift from moral exhortation to political action, American Temperance Society: founded in 1826, began a nationwide push for abstinence in drinking, Washingtonians: 1840 recovering alcoholics, by 1840 over 1 million members, factory owners and politicians joined the reformers, German and Irish immigrants were opposed to temperance, By 1840s some states began to tax liquor and ban it: Maine first state to ban liquor, By 1860s issue of slavery over shadows temperance

Free Common schools

Horace Mann leading proponent of the public school movement, Improved schools, Believed in compulsory school attendance, Longer school year, Tax funded schools

Stono Rebellion 1739 SC

About 20 slaves armed themselves and began to make their way to Florida, On their way killing about 20 whites. Stopped near the Edisto river, Result: In SC, Slaves are no longer allowed to grow their own food, assemble in groups, earn their on money, or learn to read.

Gabriel’s Rebellion 1800 VA

Possibly the largest slave uprising planned in the US, Thwarted by rain and traitors among their own ranks, Result: Va instituted much stricter rules on slaves and freemen

American Colonization Society 1817

Transporting freed slaves to Africa, Many wanted slaves freed but removed from American society, 1822, established Monrovia, Liberia, Only about 12,000 settled in this colony

David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet

Northern African-Americans who advocated slaves take action against masters, Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, Both invoked the Bible and The Declaration of Independence and to rise up and take action

Nat Turner

Led a revolt in VA on Aug. 22, 1831, Killed 55 Whites, In retaliation whites killed 100’s of slaves and free blacks, Slave Codes were strengthened, SC and other states tried to prohibit abolition material, Shortly afterward the British empire will abolish slavery

American Antislavery Society 1833

William Lloyd Garrison will publish the newspaper The Liberator (1831), Immediate abolition in every state and territory w/o compensation, Extreme contempt for southern whites, He burned the Constitution as a “pro slavery” document, A lot of violence erupted around him, including leading him through town with a noose around his neck

Liberty Party

Founded in 1840, Believed political action was more practical than Garrison’s moral route, They ran James Birney for president in 1840 & 1844

Women’s Rights Movement

Sarah and Angelina Grimke (SC) & Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Began campaigning for women’s rights after they were barred from speaking at abolitionist conventions., Conflict between roles as wives and mothers vs. participating in affairs of the world, Seneca Falls Convention (1848) (Stanton & Mott)

Seneca Falls Convention (1848) (Stanton & Mott)

Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments: All men and women are created equal, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony will lead a campaign for Equal voting, Legal and property rights, and Education and employment, Not much progress but preserved the argument for later years, Main reason: overshadowed by the abolitionist movement

Cotton is king

3/4ths of the world cotton came from the southern US and the textile mills of the north will rely on this supply. By 1860 cotton made up well over half of American exports, The economic investment represented by the slave population exceeded the value of the nations factories, railroads, and banks combined

North Complicit

The northern merchants and manufacturers participated in and shared the profits of slavery. Money earned from cotton financed industrial development and internal improvements in the North. Northern ships carried the cotton to Europe and norther banks often financed plantations.

Slavery in the territories

Ralph Waldo Emerson said winning the Mexican War would cause high death rates (was correct), Zachary Taylor is President 1848: Whigh, War hero, Slave owner

Fugitive slave law

No trial by jury, Could not testify on their own behalf, Magistrates paid more if they found in favor of the owner, No statute of limitations, Slave catchers could deputize

Election of 1852

Whigs: Winfield Scott vs Democrats: Franklin Pierce, Pierce wins, Free Soil: John Hale, Union: Daniel Webster, Native American (nativists): Jacob Broom, Southern Rights: George Troupe, last president for 80 years to win both the Electoral and Popular vote in the North and the South

LeCompton Kansas

Pro-slavery legislature, Began passing outrageous laws: swear allegiance to slavery, jail time for possessing abolitionist material, & 10yrs imprisonment for harboring escaped slaves, Free soilers set up a new government in Kansas, Reverend Henry Ward Beecher said guns would do more than bibles, Rifles became Beecher Bibles

Election of 1856

Republicans--John C. Fremont: no slavery in territories, free homestead, Probusiness Tariff, carried 11 of the 16 free states, Know Nothings: Millard Fillmore, Democrats: James Buchanan (wins)

Lecompton constitution 1857

Pro-Slavery Constitution, Buchanan wants to accept it, There was no popular vote on this state Constitution, so Stephen Douglas (Dem) joined Republicans in Congress to block it, Southern Democrats will no longer trust their northern “ally¨

Panic of 1857 Causes

Immediate Cause: solid National Business failed, runs on Banks, lasts until Civil War, Underlying Causes: Over-expansion of railroads, rapid growth of state banks, end of Crimean War, price of gold dropped

Panic of 1857 Effects

North: Industry-depression hit hard, West: Breadbasket-depression hit hard, South: Export cotton to England (not hurt), President Buchanan does nothing

Election of 1860

Northern Dems: Stephen Douglas, SOuthern Dems: John Breckinridge, Republicans: Abraham Lincoln, Constitutional Union Party: John Bell

Crittenden Compromise

Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky, all territories south of 36 30 would be slave, Lincoln says no

Fort Sumter, Charleston SC

April 12 1861, PGT Beauregard (CSA) opened fire, Robert Anderson (USA) defended fort