Chapter 1: The origins of the Civil War, 1820-61

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107 Terms

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Who lives in the White House?

the U.S. president

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What is the U.S. president in charge of?

approving or vetoing laws passed by Congress

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What is the U.S. Congress in charge of?

drawing up laws

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What are the 2 institutions of the U.S. Congress?

the Senate and the House of Representatives

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How was the number of representatives determined?

the number of representatives for each state was proportional to their population

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How did the Three-Fifths Compromise affect the House of Representatives?

it allowed 60% of states’ slave populations to be counted in the overall population, giving them more representatives

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How many senators were there?

2 for each state

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What is the Supreme Court in charge of?

interpreting laws and determining if they are constitutional

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What was banned in 1808?

overseas slave trade

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By the 1820s, what had all Northern states done?

banned slavery

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<p>What did the Mason-Dixon line eventually symbolize?</p>

What did the Mason-Dixon line eventually symbolize?

the dividing line between slave states and free states

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Why was slavery so popular in the Lower South?

the development of cotton production caused an increase in the use of slave labor

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What issue did the addition of any new state to the U.S. cause?

the possibility of a difference in the balance power between the sections

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What were those who wanted to end slavery called?

abolitionists

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What did slavery supporters have to do in order to maintain the existing sectional balance with new free states forming?

find new slave states by expanding into the southwest

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Which method of emancipation would abolish slavery through agreement of key bodies?

peaceful emancipation

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Which method of emancipation would free slaves as a strategy to defeat a rebellion in the context of a civil war?

military emancipation

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Which method of emancipation would abolish slavery by force, such as in a revolution led by slaves?

violent emancipation

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What was the ideology that was used to justifying expanding westward?

Manifest Destiny

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What did Texas declare itself in 1836?

an independent republic

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What condition did Texas have to agree upon in order to become a slave state?

any land north of the 36º30’ latitude had to be given up o the U.S. government

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Who was the expansionist president that started the war over the boundary dispute between the U.S. and Mexico?

James Polk

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Who was the former slave that became a leading abolitionist?

Frederick Douglass

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What proposal attempted to prohibit slavery in lands expected to be acquired from Mexico?

the Wilmot Proviso

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What was the name of the peace treaty in which Mexico surrender areas of its northern provinces to the U.S.?

the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Why did the U.S.’s population grow during westward expansion?

immigration from Europe

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What were pull factors of immigrating to the U.S.?

greater political freedom and economic opportunities

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What were push factors for leaving Europe?

catastrophic crop failure and failed revolutions

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What was the most significant factor in the U.S.’s economic growth?

increased cotton production by slave plantations

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What was a secondary reason for the U.S.’s economic growth?

the population growth meant that they were more workers and more consumers

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What compromise established the 36º30’ line and admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state?

the Missouri Compromise of 1820

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What was the purpose of the 36º30’?

all new states above the line would be free

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Which political party valued states’ rights, was opposed to expanding the national government, and wanted to expand the U.S. westward for farmland?

the Democrats

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Which political party wanted to use the national government to develop the U.S.’s industrial power?

the Whigs

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Which party supported the abolition of slavery?

Liberty Party

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Which party was against the large-scale immigration from Catholic Europe?

Native American / Know-Nothing Party

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Which party wanted to limit the expansion of slavery to defend free paid labor?

Free Soil Party

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Which 2 states were given their own territorial governments by the Compromise of 1850?

Utah and New Mexico

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Which state was admitted on her own free constitution by the Compromise of 1850?

California

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What was the concept that Douglas came up with in which the people in a territory have the right to choose the way their government is?

popular sovereignty

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How did the Compromise of 1850 resolve the boundary dispute with Texas?

the U.S. paid off the debts that Texas had acquired while it was independent in exchange for Texas agreeing that its northern border would be the 36º30’ line

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The Compromise of 1850 abolished slave trade in what region?

Washington, D.C.

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What were Personal Liberty Laws?

laws aimed to help slaves escaping from Southern states

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What argument did slaveowners make against Personal Liberty Laws?

the laws undermined their constitutional right to have their slaves returned to them

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What was the name of the novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that was a fictional attack on the practice of slavery?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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Why did the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act fail?

it did not provide any ways for the law to be enforced

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How did the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act resolve the issues of the 1793 act?

it created new federal officials to enforce the laws and stated that any official that didn’t arrest a known fugitive slave would be fined $1000

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What was the informal series of networks of those willing to help fugitive slaves escape known as?

the Underground Railround

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Who was the former slave whose arrest led to the Boston Slave Riot, in which military force had to be sent to get control of crowds?

Anthony Burns

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Who founded the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper?

William Lloyd Garrison

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What implications did the Fugitive Slave Act have?

it supported property rights by empowering slave owners to have runaway slaves returned to them, but also weakened states’ rights by overruling state laws which had been intended to protect fugitive slaves

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Which act replaced the 36º30’ line in the Missouri Compromise with the concept of popular sovereignty?
the Kansas-Nebraska Act
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What was the implication of the Kansas-Nebraska act?
slavery could expand into the Midwest
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What was the fighting between pro slavery supporters and anti slavery supporters in Nebraska and Kansas called?
Bleeding Kansas
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What was the event in which Senator Charles Sumner was beat senseless by the relative of an opponent he had insulted?
the Caning of Senator Sumner
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What did the events of Bleeding Kansas and the Caning of Senator Sumner signs of?
an approaching war
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Why did the Whig party fall apart?

they became divided over the Kansas-Nebraska Act

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What party formed from the opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
the Republican Party
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Who was the first person chosen as a Republican presidential candidate?
John Frémont
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Why did states’ rights become associated with the South?
they gave the states the power to leave the U.S., which was believed to be becoming increasingly more necessary as criticism against slavery grew
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Who won the 1855 presidential election?

James Buchanan

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What did James Buchanan believe when he took office?
that the issue of slavery had been resolved
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Who made the case that he should be free after having been born in a slave state, moved to a free state, and then moved to another slave state?
Dred Scott
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Who was Chief Justice at the time of the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case?
Roger Taney
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What was ruled in the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case?
  • An African American could not be an American citizen

  • Dred Scott had no right to bring his case to court

  • Slaveowners could take their slaves anywhere governed by U.S. federal law

  • Congress had no authority to restrict the rights given to people by the Constitution

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What did the Dred Scott decision overturn?
the Missouri Compromise and popular sovereignty
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How did James Buchanan react to the Dred Scott decision?
he supported the ruling and even applied it to conflict in Kansas
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How did Stephen Douglas react to the Dred Scott decision?
he was against the ruling because it overturned his principle of popular sovereignty
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How did Abraham Lincoln react to the Dred Scott decision?
he accepted the Supreme Court’s authority, but opposed the idea that owners could take slaves anywhere
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What was the implication of the Dred Scott decision?
slavery could expand further across the U.S. and into the North
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How did Lincoln and Douglas’ beliefs differ in their debates?
Douglas believed that the Declaration applied only to white men and refused to say slavery was wrong, while Lincoln believed it applied to all men and that slavery was wrong
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What was the concept that slavery could be banned via a series of local decisions rather than federal decisions and what was it a reiteration of?
Freeport Doctrine, popular sovereignty
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What was the result of the senatorial election between Lincoln and Douglas?
Douglas won, but Lincoln gained a lot more attention and became a national figure
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Who led the raid on Harpers Ferry?
John Brown
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Why did the raid on Harpers Ferry fail?
it was expected that slaves would rebel and get weapons from the armory, but none came
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What happened to John Brown after the raid on Harpers Ferry?
he was found guilty of treason and hung
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What was the fallout of the raid on Harpers Ferry?
Northerners became inspired by John Brown’s courageousness, but it became an example that pro-slavery supporters to associate violence with abolition
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What conspiracy theory did the South develop about the North?
Black Republicanism
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What conspiracy theory did the North develop about the South?
slave power
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What was the name of the group that believed the South needed to break away from the U.S. because the growing population of the North would tip the political balance?
Fire-eaters
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What did Southerners start pushing for in the late 1850s?
the reopening of international slave trade and federal slave code
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What strategy did Northerners want to use to end slavery constitutionally?
gradualism
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Which presidential candidate did Northern Democrats choose?
Stephen Douglas
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Which presidential candidate did Southern Democrats choose?
John Breckinridge
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Who was the presidential candidate put forth by the Constitutional Union Party?
John Bell
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Why was William H. Seward not put forth as the Republican Party candidate?
he had a role in the abolition debate and had an affiliation with radicals that put off centrists
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Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican party candidate?
he had few enemies and his support only grew
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What were the goals of the Republicans?
  • Returning fugitive slaves

  • Preserving states’ rights while limiting spread of slavery

  • Having western expansion favor free farmers

  • Constructing a transcontinental railway

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How did Douglas break tradition?
he actively campaigned across the country
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How did three anti-Republican candidates attempt to stop Lincoln’s victory?
they formed a fusion ticket to combine popular vote
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What was the political movement of young men in their 20s and 30s that showed enthusiasm toward helping Lincoln’s campaign?
the Wide-Awake Movement
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What helped Lincoln win the 1860 presidential election?
the Democratic votes were split between Breckinridge and Douglas
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What were the reasons given for the start of the Civil War?

  • slave labor v. free labor

  • industry v. agriculture

  • urban v. rural

  • North v. South

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Why did states start to secede once Lincoln took office?
they thought he would ban slavery
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Which was the first state to secede?
South Carolina
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How many Deep South states seceded?
7
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Which states were more likely to secede?
states with higher slave populations
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Why did federal legislature become controlled by the Republican party?
Southern representatives supported the regional rebellion and withdrew from Congress
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What proposed that the 36º30’ line be extended to the Pacific Ocean and slavery be protected in already existing slave states?
the Crittenden Compromise
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Why was the Crittenden Compromise rejected?
Republicans in Congress were against the expansion of slavery