Unit 7 Ap Human Geography Vocabulary

Primary Sector

Extracting raw materials directly. (ex. farming, mining, fishing)

Secondary Sector

Making/processing raw materials into finished goods. (ex. factories, construction)

Tertiary Sector

Services that sell or distribute products. (ex. retail, baking, waiter)

Quaternary Sector

Knowledge-based services processing information technology and research. (ex. IT, finance, scientists)

Quinary Sector

High-level decision-making (ex. CEOs, government leaders)

Industrial Revolution

18th-century shift from hand made products to machinery and factory creations.

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Theory that industries locate to minimize costs: transportation, labor, and agglomeration.

Agglomeration

The clustering of similar industries to share labor, infrastructure, and suppliers.

Growth Pole

A dynamic industry that stimulates economic growth in linked businesses nearby.

Break of Bulk Point

Location where cargo is transferred from one transportation mode to another.

Just-in-Time Delivery (JIT)

Inventory system where parts arrive right when needed reducing storage costs.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Total value of goods/services produced within a country in a year.

Gross National Income

Total value of goods/services produced by a country’s citizens, including overseas, in a year.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Measures development using education, life expectancy and income.

Gender Inequality Index

Measures inequality based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor.

Commodity Dependence

When a country relies on one or two natural resources for >60% of its exports.

Rostow’s Theory (Stages of Growth)

A 5-stage model proposing all countries follow a path from a traditional society to high-mass consumption.

Newly Industrialized Countries

Countries experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialization.

Formal Economy

Taxed and monitored economic activities. (ex. official jobs)

Informal Economy

Untaxed, unregulated activities. (ex. street vending, casual labor)

Microlending

Small loans to individuals, often women, to start small businesses.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

International organization that provides loans to countries for financial stability.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Handles rules of trade between nations.

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc reducing tariffs and fostering economic integration.

Tariff

A tax placed on imported goods, used to make foreign products more expensive and encourage buying local.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Specific areas in a country where laws, taxes, and regulations are different (usually lower) to attract foreign companies.

International Division of Labor

The modern global system where different countries specialize in different parts of a production process, typically with LDCs doing manual labor and MDCs doing research/management.

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

A type of SEX focused specifically on manufacturing goods for export to other countries