VertZoo-Exam4

Ch.18-24

An outgroup of dinosaurs?

Pterosaurs

Hatzegopteryx

Apex pterosaur predator

What two groups are included in the monophyletic dinosaurs clade?

Ornithischian and Suarischian

Ornithischian

Bird-hip dinosaurs

Saurischian

Lizard-hip dinosaurs

Are birds saurischians or ornithischians?

Saurischians

Theropods

Birds

Theropod synapomorphy

Fercula

How long did Theropods exist for?

220 million years

Avetheropoda synapomorphy

Three fingers

Maniraptora synapomorphy

Pennaceous feathers

Paraves synapomorphies

Long arms/hands, asymmetrical pennaceous feathers, large claw on second digit of foot, pubis directed posteroventrally

Avialae synapomorphies

Extra long arms, reduced number of caudal vertebrae, powered flight

When did non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs go extinct?

66mya, around the Cretaceous period/K-T boundary

Pterosaur synapomorphies?

Hairlike pycnofibers covered bodies for insulation, evolved flight 80my before avian dinos, walked quadrupedally, and leapt into the air using all four limbs.

Convergent similarities between pterosaurs and birds?

Reduced/absent teeth, no tail, thin-walled bones (pneumatization), unidirectional airflow in lungs, large eyes and brain, small olfactory

Morphology of wing/pelvic in pterosaurs

A patagium supported by forelimb, elongated 4th digit and digits 1-3 are free

Azhdarchids

Largest pterosaurs, wingspan 11m, and apex predators

Synapomorphies of dinosauria?

Perforated acetabulum (hip joint) is a hole where the three bones of the pelvis meet.

Skeletal pneumatization

Air pockets in bones, widespread to reduce weight without lossof strength

Which bones were not pneumatized in terrestrial species because of enormous weight?

Limb bones

What were the earliest dino feathers made of and called?

Keratinaceous filaments/dino fuzzies

What colors did dino feathers tend to be?

White, brown, red, orange, and black

What are the colors of the dinosaur feathers based on?

melanosome morphology

Who is included in Ornithschian?

Stegasaurs, ankylosaurus, ceratopsians, and duck-billed dinosaurs

What evolved in Ornithschians?

Quadrupedality, herbivory, horny beaks, and complex tooth batteries.

Stegosaurs

Have large bony plates that may have been used for defense, heat exchange, and sexual selection

Ankylosaurs

Had dorsal armor and club tails which may have been used to defend themselves.

Hadrosaurs

Had batteries of teeth for chewing plants that replaced ventrally

Ceratopsians

Had tooth batteries, used horns in male-male combat

What was herding like in Ornithischians?

Formed in all life stages, social behaviors, and used vegetation for nesting and had parentel care

Perforated acetabulum

A hole where the three bones of the pelvis meet

How do Ornthiischians and Saurischians differ?

The orientation of their perforated acetabulum. O:parallel S:perpendicular

Sauropodomorph (Diplodocoid)

Elongated necks, 25%, Tail, 60%, and Trunk, 15%.

Who is included in Therapods?

Birds, tyrannosaurus, velociraptors, spinosaurus, and Archaeopteryx

Who made it past the K-T boundary?

Sauropods and Therapods—lived 220 my

Synapomorphies of therapods?

Fercula (wishbone), large hands for grasping, and gastralia (belly ribs)

What were therapod skulls like?

Light, knifelike teeth for a powerful bite, and teeth replaced throughout life

Tyrannosauriods

Enlarged in late cretaceous, deep skulls, powerful bites, and gastralia

Tyrannosaurus bites

Force of 3,000 lbs, crush bones

Tyrannosaurus speed

3mph

Megalosauroids

Giant, extinct, aquatic spinosaurus, 15m

Allosauroids

13m, large hands to grasp, replaced in Cretaceous period by tyrannosaurs

Abelisaurs

Allosauroids ecological analog

Pennaceous feathers

Evolved in smaller therapods, eventually lead to flight. Central shaft and two vanes

Ornithomimosaurs

Long necks, small heads, toothless beaks, feathers, grasping forelimbs, and pennaceous feathers

Ornithomimosaurs analogs

Ostrich

Manoraptorans

Birds evolved from them. Large forelimbs, a bird like pelvic girdle, herbivores/insectivores, and flexible wrists, pennaceous feathers

Deinonychus and Velociraptor

Hypercarnivores, knifelike teeth, enlarged claws to pin prey, and many species covered in feathers. 

Archaeopteryx

Important link between dinosaurs and birds and had asymmetrical pennaceous feathers

Archaeopteryx pennaceous wing style?

asymmetrical

Avialan diversity when and how?

Diversified in cretaceous period and evolved feathers like modern birds (pygostyle)

How did relatives of birds lay eggs?

Layed eggs in pairs with their two functional ovaries; like crocs

What indicates that brooding evolved in outgroups to modern birds?

Oviraptors and Deininychus incubating eggs

What are the theories for birds evolving flight?

Ground up/wing assisted incline running or trees down

Polytomies

A node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into three or more lineages

What is the largest groups of extant birds?

Songbirds, ~4,000

Moas

Giant birds in New Zealand that were hunted to extinction within 100 years of humans arriving. Only known wingless

Beta-keratin

main component of feathers, a protein, and a synapomorphy of sauropods

Pennaceous contour feathers

protection and generate lift, barbules holding the vanes together

Plumulaceous down

insulation

Filoplumes

Sense forces, contour feather positioning

Eyelash like bristles

protect eyes and nostrils

What do melanins produce?

ranges of brown colors and iridescent ones

What does carotenoid produce?

yellow and red

Skeletal features of birds?

Keeled sternum for flight muscle attachment, stiffened trunk, humerus are pneumatized, fused bones in wings, legs, and girdles

What are bird feet like?

Foot bones are fused into a tarsometatarsus and foot posture is digitigraded. Ankle joint is elevated and knee joint is hidden

How are muscles in the birds hindlimbs concentrated?

proximally, closer to the body, enhancing manueverability

What muscles and bones contribute to flight in birds?

Supracoracoideus, pectoralis muscles and the fercula bone (spring)

What do the supracoracoideus and pectoralis muscle do?

S: up and P: down

Is lift always perpendicular to airflow?

Yes

How do primary feathers work?

Attached to the hand and have asymmetrical vanes and act as propellers to generate thrust

How do secondary feathers work?

Attached to the forearm forming an airfoil for lift

How does the alula work?

Leading edge of the wing is supported by a patagium and has a small winglet, increases lift at low speeds

What are thrust and lift used for?

T:manuevering L:keeps the bird in the air

What is wing shape correlated to?

flight style

What are perching birds feet like?

3 toes facing forward and 1 in the back

What kind of feet do woodpeckers, owls, osprey, and parrots have?

Zygodactylous, 2 front/2 back

What kind of webbing do duck, swans, gulls, and other paddlers have?

Palmate webbing—3 toes

What kind of webbing do cormorants and boobies have? (divers)

totipalmate—webbing over 4 toes

What kind of webbing do grebes and coots (divers) have?

Lobate webbing, toes not connected

Describe tongues in hummingbirds and woodpeckers

Hyoid supports the tongue, is elongated, and wraps around the skull under skin

How do humingbirds tongues act?

A fluid trap, not a straw

What are keratinized bills used for?

Grasping, stabbing, filter, probing, and gleaning

What allows birds to raise and lower their upper jaws?

A joint in the palate and craniofacial hinge

What does the cranial kinesis do?

enlarge the gape and enhances the manipularitory ability of jaws

What is the crop used for?

Storing food for processing later, ferment vegetation, and producing milk

What does the proventriculus do?

Glandular stomach, performs chemical digestion

What does the gizzard do?

muscular stomach, used to grind food

Are owls ears asymmetrical or symmetrical? why?

Asymmetrical, to change arrival time of sound between ears to gauge where its coming from

What kind of eyes do non-predator species have?

laterally directed eyes

What kind of eyes do predator bird species have?

Binocular vision for depth and perception

what kind of vision do birds have? (color)

four-color vision

What produces sound in birds?

Syrinx, junction of bronchi and trachea

Eupelycosauria synapomorphy

Lower temporal fenestra

Cynodontia synapomorphies

Complete bony secondary palate, double occipital condyles, and differentiated lumbar regions

Mammaliaformes synapomorphies

Dentart-squamosal jaw articulation and Atlas/axis complex

Theria synapomorphies

Viviparity and nipples

Eupelycosaurs

Synapid outgroup of mammals, carnivorous, sprawled limbs, and large doral sails

Are pelycosaurs more closely related to humans or dinosaurs?

Humans