AP Psych Unit 4

Just world phenomenon

The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for other people's behavior while underemphasizing situational explanations

Situational Attribution

Individuals explain behavior by attributing it to external factors in the situation, rather than internal factors such as their personality or traits (blaming weather for being late).

Self serving bias

Individuals take credit for positive outcomes while denying responsibility for negative ones

Social trap

Individuals or a group, pursuing short-term individual gains, inadvertently lead to long-term, widespread negative consequences for the collective

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (uou're at a concert and everyone is jumping up and down, screaming loudly, so you join in).

Implicit bias

Unconscious preference or aversion

Explicit bias

Conscious preference or aversion

Stereotype threat

Anxiety or stress experienced by individuals when they feel at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about their social group

Obedience to authority

Tendency to comply with instructions or orders from someone perceived as an authority figure, even if the actions are harmful or unethical

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort experienced when someone's actions or beliefs clash with their values or beliefs (a smoker knowing smoking is wrong but continuing to be doing so)

Superordinate goals

Goals that are worth completing but require two or more social groups to cooperatively achieve (reduces in group bias)

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others

Group think

Members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions

Social facilitation

Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others

Homogeneity

Tendency to perceive members of an outgroup

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of persuasion, namely the central route and the peripheral route

Foot in the door / Door in the face

Ask for one requests and it gets bigger, or ask a big request than smaller ones

Informational social influence

Tendency to conform to what others are doing or saying because we perceive them as a source of accurate information

Social Loafing

Individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they are working alone

External Locus of Control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

Internal Locus of Control

The perception that one controls one’s own fate

Hierarchy of needs

Physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization

Instinct theory

Human behavior is driven by innate, unlearned, and species-specific behaviors or instincts

Intrinsic vs extrinsic

Motivated by will, motivated by points

Approach-approach motivation

Person must choose between two desirable or attractive goals or options

Avoidance avoidance

Person must choose between two or more undesirable or negative options

Approach avoidance

occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously (E.g., marriage)

Drive reduction

Physiological needs create aroused states (drives) that motivate us to reduce the needs. (E.g., if your water levels are low, your thirst, or drive to drink, will be aroused)

Display rules

Social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

Facial feedback hypothesis

We should feel happier if we see a smile and unhappy when we see a frown.

Self efficacy

Confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Self determination

behaviors that improve one's circumstances, including decision making, problem solving, self-management, self-instruction, and self-advocacy

Reciprocal determinism

Person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

Prosocial behavior

Any action intended to help others

Unconditional positive regard

A therapists complete acceptance and support of a client, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or actions, fostering a safe and trusting environment for personal growth

Id (Pleasure principle), Superego (Operates on the Morality Principle), and ego, (Reality principal)

Psychoanalytic perspective

Psychodynamic

The influence of unconscious drives, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts on personality and behavior

Humanistic

A way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person.