U1: Ancient Civilizations

1st element of civilizations

centralized government

2nd element of civilization

organized religion

3rd element of civilization

job specialization

4th element of civilization

social classes

5th element of civilization

arts, architecture, infrastructure

6th element of civilization

public works

7th element of civilization

writing

GRAPES

geography, religion, achievements, politics, economy, social classes

definition of mesopotamia

first civilization

definition of mesopotamia in greek

between rivers

mesopotamia is between what 2 rivers

tigris and euphrates

mesopotamian government

one ruler, consisted of city states

mesopotamia religion

polytheistic

mesopotamian job specialization idea

to help everyone survive, they needed to work together; “specialization of labor”

mesopotamian social classes(sumerian city states)

upper(ruling families and religious priests), middle(merchants), lower(peasants)

mesopotamian writing

cuneiform written language

ancient egypt geography

nile river, floods, wooden irrigation systems

what is created during ancient egypt old kingdom

rules, laws, and systems of life is created

ancient egypt middle kingdom

confusing time; nile did not rise as much, government corruption, invaders take over military

ancient egypt new kingdom

egypt starts to get better; pharaoh creates large empires and civilizations increase

ancient egypt religion

polytheistic, main god was amon-re

ancient egypt social structure

most were farmers/slaves; farmed during good seasons, and worked for the pharaoh during dry seasons

ancient egypt writings

hieroglyphics and common demotic writing

ancient china geography

isolated civilization; surrounded by mountains and sea

ethnocentrism

when you believe your culture is greater than all other cultures

ancient china dynasties in order

shang, zhou, qin, han

what occurred during the shang dynasty

defeating nomads, building cities, accumulating wealth

during the zhou dynasty what was created

mandate of heaven and dynastic cycle

2 ancient china major religions

confucianism and daoism

daoism

“the way” of the universe; living in harmony with nature

confucianism

confucius developed a philosophy(about social order) for living

qin dynasty main idea

nature of man is evil, his goodness is acquired

ancient china civil service

an exam was developed; you are placed in the job best suited for your intelligence

the silk road was made during what dynasty

han dynasty

what seas developed Greek civilization

mediterranean and aegean sea

what seperated greeks from one another

mountains, valleys, and islands

the great wall of china was built during what dynasty

qin dynasty

what did ancient egyptians write on

papyrus

ancient egyptians translation device

rosetta stone

ancient egyptians believed in

mummification and afterlife

ancient greece government systems

monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy

monarchy

a single ruler exercises central power

aristrocracy

rule by heredity landholding elite

oligarchy

power is in the hands of a small wealthy elite

athens government system

democracy

sparta is a

militaristic city state

spartan government

2 kings, a council of elders and an assembly of citizens whom approved major decisions

philosopher means

lover of wisdom

philosophers developed

rhetoric and art of skillful thinking

socrates(socratic method)

would pose a series of questions to citizens and challenge them to examine the implications of their answer

plato created what

school called “The Academy” which emphasized the importance of reason

plato wrote

a book called *the Republic* which outlines the ideal government

aristotle studied

governments and found rule by a single strong, virtuous leader the best form

aristotle created

comprehensive system of philosophy containing ethics, politics, aesthetics, science and logic

at what age does alexander the great step into leadership of the greek empire

20

what does alexander the great do

conquers persia, all the way to india then turns back

assimilation

the fusing of different cultures together

hellenistic period

the blending of greek culture into other cultures

ancient rome geography

mountains were much smaller and less disruptive than greece, had broad fertile plains

where did ancient rome start

on the tiber river

ancient rome government

republic; people chose some of the officials

roman society for women

could own property and run businesses

roman society for children

children from lower and upper classes learned to read and write

what did rome imperialize

the italian peninsula and modern day europe, africa, greece

how did conquering affect rome

left rome fragile which angered civilians

spartacus uprising

freed 70000 slaves and conquered chaos and fear throughout italian peninsula

what did julius caesar do

enacted many reforms; public works for the jobless, granted more roman citizenship, new calendar based on egyptians

how did rome’s government change

republic to empire

what does augustus start

pax romana

pax romana

roman peace

who is augustus

caesar’s grandnephew octavian

what does augustus end

the republic

ancient rome entertainment

gladiator battles to hide underlying issues

emperor diocletian created what

the great split

emperor constantine major 2 actions

granted religions tolerance to christians, and established new capital(constantinople)

who overruns rome

visigoth general alaric

where do the vandals move through

gaul, spain, north africa

ancient rome invaders

germanic people (north of roman empire) continuously test the boundaries

what did the huns do to roman invaders

migrated west, pushing the germanic people into the roman empire

attila the hun

‘scourge of god’, his attacks put germanic people into roman lands

problems of the roman empire

military attacks, political turmoil, economic weakness, social decay

founder of hinduism

no founder

3 major gods of hinduism

brahman(supreme god), vishnu(the preserver), shiva(the destroyer)

major beliefs in hinduism

atman, moksha, reincarnation, karma, dharma, ahimsa

hinduism social classes are also known as

caste system

atman

everyone has an “essiention self/spirit”

moksha

become one with brahman

reincarnation

you can’t be one with brahman in one life

karma

good choices bring you closer to moksha

dharma

religious and moral jobs you have to do

ahimsa

idea of nonviolence

caste system order

brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, shudra, dalit

bramin

priests

kshatriya

warrier/ruler

vaishya

farmers/traders/merchants

shudra

labourers

dalit

outcasts/untouchables

4 noble truths

all life is suffering, it is caused by desire, the only cure is to stop desire, way to stop bad is to follow the eightfold path

eightfold path(right-)

view, intentions, speech, action, livelihood, effort, concentration, mindfulness

monotheism

belief in one god