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Plants came about when what single celled organism evolved multicellularity?
Algae
Fungi came about when what single celled organism evolved multicellularity?
Yeast
Animals came about when what single celled organism developed multicellularity?
Choanoflagellates
In animals, cells must associate with each other and what structure?
Extracellular matrix
How many types of cell adhesion molecules are there?
Four
What are the types of cell adhesion molecules?
Cadherins, IgCAMs, Selectins, Integrins
What feature of cadherins allows them to bind calcium molecules?
Cadherin repeats
IgCAMs use what feature in order to bind substrates?
Immunoglobulin repeats
What domain allows selectins to bind carbohydrates?
Lectin
Integrins bind to what?
The extracellular matrix or other cells
Epithelial cells form _____ that line _____.
Sheets, organs.
What is the largest example of epithelial tissue? (AKA: your largest organ)
The skin
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the lumen?
Apical surface
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the ECM?
Basal surface
Which surfaces of epithelial cells face adjoining epithelial cells?
Lateral surfaces
The basal face and lateral faces of epithelial cells are collectively known as what?
Basolateral faces
Epithelial cells form what junctions?
Anchoring junctions
Anchoring junctions between epithelial cells include:
Adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions.
What anchoring junction is found between epithelial cells and the ECM?
Hemidesmosomes
Where on epithelial cells are adherens junctions found?
Near the apical surface
E-cadherins are the CAMs used in adherens junctions in what type of cells?
Epithelial
N-cadherins are the CAMs used in adherens junctions in what type of cells?
Neurons
How do cadherens link neighboring cells?
They have short transmembrane domains
The portion of the cadherin transmembrane domain in the cytosol links to what protein?
β-catenin
Aside from cadherins, β-catenin links to what protein?
α-catenin
Aside from β-catenin, α-catenin links to what protein?
Actin cytoskeleton
How does β-catenin act as a signaling molecule?
When free floating, it travels to the nucleus and prevents apoptosis
What happens if free floating β-catenin is destroyed in the cytosol?
Apoptosis occurs
How does β-catenin become free floating?
Cells pull apart, unbinds cadherins and α-catenin
How can β-catenin induced apoptosis be prevented?
Hormones
What are the CAMs in desmosomes?
Desmosomal cadherins
The transmembrane portion of desmosomal cadherins binds what protein in the cytosol?
Plakoglobin
Plakoglobin binds what protein in the cytosol?
Intermediate filaments/keratin
What type of cell junction prevents cells from being ripped apart by force?
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes perform what function?
Anchor cells to the basal lamina
What protein do hemidesmosomes use to bind?
Integrins
Integrins are what kind of protein?
Transmembrane
Integrins bind to what in the cytosol?
Keratin
Adherens junctions perform what adhesion type?
Cell-cell
Desmosomes perform what adhesion type?
Cell-cell
Hemidesmosomes perform what adhesion type?
Cell-matrix
Tight junctions perform what adhesion type?
Cell-cell
Gap junctions perform what adhesion type?
Cell-cell
What two subunits make up an integrin?
α&β
When integrin subunits are pushed together, they ______ bind their substrate.
Cannot
When integrin subunits are pulled apart, they _____ bind their substrate.
Can
Binding of integrins to their ligands causes them to what? What type of cell signaling is this?
Straighten out, outside-in.
Cytosolic proteins can force integrin subunits together, or pull them apart. This is what type of cell signaling?
Inside-out
