Human Physiology Final Exam

Parillon Fall 2025

What does ADH do?

reabsorbs water and regulates aquaporin, can increase blood pressure

What does aldosterone do?

reabsorbs sodium, can increase blood pressure

Are ADH and aldosterone synergistic, antagonistic, or permissive?

synergistic

What do ANPs do?

lower blood pressure

Are ADH and ANPs synergistic, antagonistic, or permissive?

antagonistic

Are aldosterone and ANPs synergistic, antagonistic, or permissive?

antagonistic

How does insulin affect the body?

lowers blood glucose

How does glucagon affect the body?

increases blood glucose

Are insulin and glucagon synergistic, antagonistic, or permissive?

antagonistic

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

insulin and glucagon

Insulin is water-soluble/lipid-soluble.

Water-soluble

How does calcatonin affect the body?

decreases calcium in blood

How does PTH affect the body?

increases calcium in blood

Are calcatonin and PTH synergistic, antagonistic, or permissive?

antagonistic

Where is PTH secreted from?

parathyroid gland

Where is calcatonin secreted from?

thyroid gland

Name the 5 functional receptors.

photo, osmo, baro, gustatory, chemo

What do photoreceptors do?

detect light that strikes the retina

What do osmoreceptors do?

detect changes in the body’s fluid osmolarity

What do baroreceptors do?

detects changes in pressure

What do gustatory receptors do?

detect chemicals in food/drinks, giving us sense of taste

What do chemoreceptors do?

detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids

What do plasma cells secrete?

antibodies

What is innate immunity?

non-specific immunity, the ability of the body to defend itself without using specific recognition of invading pathogen

What are the components of innate immunity?

first line of defense (skin) and second line of defense (mucus, hair, cilia, sebum, NK cells, phagocytes, fever, inflammation)

What is adaptive immunity?

the body’s ability to defend itself using recognition of invading pathogen, involves antigens

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

cell mediated (T cells) and antibody mediated (B cells)

What is diffusion?

the movement of cells from a high area of concentration to a lower area of concentration

Lipid-soluble/water-soluble hormones  can diffuse through the plasma membrane.

lipid-soluble

What is filtration?

bulk movement from capillaries into interstitial fluid

What is reabsorption?

bulk movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries

What is the Wiggers’ diagram?

the events of the cardiac cycle on a time axis

Systole is when the heart contracts/relaxes.

contracts

Diastole is when the heart contracts/relaxes.

relaxes

What is the first sound of the heart?

closing of AV valves (Lubb)

What is the second sound of the heart?

closing of semilunar valves (Dubb)

When does the first sound of the heart occur? (systole/diastole)

systole

When does the second sound of the heart occur? (systole/diastole)

diastole

What is the third sound of the heart called?

ventricular gallop

What is happening during the third sound of the heart?

rapid inflow

What is shown in the P wave?

atrial contraction (depolarization)

What is shown in the QRS complex?

ventricular contraction (depolarization)

List the pathway the QRS complex signal travels through.

AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

What is shown in the T wave?

ventricular relaxation (repolarization)

List the 6 phases of the cardiac cycle shown in the Wiggers Diagram.

atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid inflow, diastasis

What are the 5 structures in the conduction pathway?

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, R/L bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

What are the 3 phases of action potential?

depolarization, repolarization, after-hyperpolarization

What is depolarization?

rising phase of the action potential

What is repolarization?

falling phase of the action potential

What is the after-hyperpolarizing phase?

an undershoot is observed after resting membrane potential is reestablished

List the physiology of the digestive system.

ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, defecation

What is ingestion?

eating

What is secretion in the digestive system?

cells secrete water, acid, buffers, and digestive enzymes into GI tract

What is motility in the digestive system?

GI tract smooth muscle contracts to mix food and secretions and move everything towards anus

What is chemical digestion?

digestive enzymes break down food through hydrolysis reactions

What is mechanical digestion?

chewing

What is absorption and where does it occur in the digestive system?

movement of digested products into blood or lymph at the small intestine

What is defecation?

elimination of indigestible material in the form of feces

What is spermiogenesis?

the maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa where they lose their cytoplasm and acquire a head and tail

What is spermatogenesis?

the maturation of spermatagonium through meiosis

What is the starting cell of spermatogenesis?

spermatogonium

What is the starting cell of oogenesis?

oogonium

Which hormone regulates the proliferative phase?

estrogen

What does LH do in males?

stimulates testosterone secretion

What does LH do in females?

ovulation

What does FSH do in males?

stimulates spermatogenesis

What does FSH do in women?

follicular maturation

True or False: Spermiogenesis involves meiosis.

False

True or False: Spermatogenesis involves meiosis.

True

Study the skeletal muscle process map! (Answer: okay)

okay