dynamic development - gcse

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

poverty line

A method used to count the number of poor people, it considers what a family must spend for an "austere" standard of living.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Problems with GDP

does not value the quality of the environment, leisure time, non-market activity, an equitable distribution of income

Population structure

the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex

demographic data

statistics about the numbers and characteristics of people living in an area

birth rate

the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

death rate

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Corruption Perceptions Index

A measure developed by Transparency International that ranks countries in terms of the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians.

infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

UK - Developed or not?

Developed

Japan - Developed or not?

Developed

Brazil- Developed or not?

Emerging

India - Developed or not?

Emerging

Papau New Guinea - Developed or Not?

Devloping

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Champagne-glass distribution

the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape

Barriers to Development

Lack of natural resources, poverty, gender inequality, infectious disease, relative location, foreign debt, political corruption and instability, lack of infrastructure, and dependency theory.

Development gap

Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and less-developed countries.

Poverty - Economic

About one in five of the world's population live on less than US $1 a day, almost half live on less than $2 a day.

Developing countries frequently lack the ability to pay for food, agricultural innovation and investment in rural development

Many countries do not have the money and ability to combat the effect of HIV/AIDS

Poverty - Social

More than 775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write.

The poorest are rarely involved in decisions that affect their everyday lives. Often discriminated against because of where they live, the language and religion. Or they are simply ignored because they are old, disabled or female.

Around 315,000 children under the age of 5 die every year from diarrhoeal diseases caused by dirty water and poor sanitation. That's almost 900 children per day.

Across the world, women are forced to waste precious time walking long distances to collect dirty water. Girls are dropping out of school because there are no private toilets.

663 million people live without safe water. 2.4 billion don't have access to adequate sanitation.

The poorest are often left out when it comes to improving water and sanitation services.

Poverty - Environmental

Developing countries have increased vulnerability to natural disasters. They lack the capacity to adapt to climate change- induced droughts.

Some developing countries have non-democratic governments or they are democracies that function poorly. This can worsen the plight of minority groups.

Poor farming practices can often lead to environmental degradation.

Raw materials are exploited with limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for the environment.

Rostow's Theory

theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries

Clark-Fisher model

a generalised description of how societies' employment structures change as they develop

What did Rostow's model say? What is it? What are the stages?

A move away from farming to manufacturing

Trading with neighbouring countries

The development of infrastructure

Problems with Rostow's Theory

Out of date and based on the 18th and 19th century development of European countries.

It assumes that all countries start at the same level of development

It disregards the fact that each country will have different qualities, quantities of resources, population, climate and natural hazards.

Frank's dependency theory

The periphery consists of other areas like which sell raw material to the core

Published in 1960's

Developed in the 1970's

He believed historical trade made countries poor

The core represented the developed powerful nations like North America and Europe

He believed there were 2 types of global region; the core and the periphery

He believed that poorer countries are poor because they are weaker members of the global economy and their rules are decided by the wealthy.

Problems with Frank's Depndency model

Out of date

Doesn't consider other factors (natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict)

Today some less developed countries are developing very quickly, e.g. China and India

trade deficit

An excess of imports over exports

Emergency short term aid

Aid given after a disaster like a flood or earthquake to help provide immediate relief

Conditional/tied aid

when one country donates money or resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the MEDC's favour

Charitable aid

Aid given by Non-government organisations like Oxfam, usually on a small scale

Long term development aid

involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.

Multilateral aid

Where aid is provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients.

Pros of Aid

Emergency aid in times of disaster saves lives.

Aid helps rebuild livelihoods and housing after a disaster

Provision of medical training, medicines and equipment can improve health and standards of living.

Aid for agriculture can help increase food production and so improve the quality and quantity of food available.

Projects that develop clean water and sanitation can lead to improved health and living standards.

Cons of Aid

Projects that develop clean water and sanitation can lead to improved health and living standards.

Aid may not reach the people who need it most. Corruption may lead to local politicians using aid for their own means or for political gain.

Aid can be used to put political or economic pressure on the receiving country. The country may end up owing a donor country or organisation a favour.

Sometimes projects do not benefit smaller farmers and projects are often large scale.

Encouraging aid industrial development can create jobs and improve transport infrastructure.

It may be a condition of the investment that the projects are run by foreign companies or that a proportion of the resources or profits will be sent abroad.

Some development projects may lead to food and water costing more.

Top-down development

implement main classes first, subsidiary classes later

Bottom-up development projects

projects that are planned and controlled by local communities to help their local periphery area

Development

When a country is improving

Economic Development

How wealthy a country is, its economic growth, its level of industrialisation and use of technology

Social Development

Improvement in standard of living, better health care, access to clean water.

Political Development

Making a stable political system that meets the needs of the people.

Which is the best development index?

HDI (Human Development Index)

Fertility and birth rates in developing countries

High because of no contraception

Death rate in developing countries

High - poor health care and sanitation (low life expectancy)

Population structure of a developing country

Lots of children and less elderly people

Population structure of a emerging country

More working age people and a lower proportion of children

Population structure of a developed country

More older people amuch lower proprtion of children

Fertility rates in emerging countries

falling - due to gender equality and higher use of contraception

life expectancy in emerging countries

rising - better healthcare and sanitation

Fertility rates in developed countries

low

life expectancy in develoed countries

very high

What's holding Malawi back

It's Landlocked

Rural isolation

Hot climate

Reliance on Primary products for Trade

What is Malawi's only method of Export

Train

What percentage of Malawi's population live in rural areas

85%

Why is a hot climate bad for Malawi

Limits crop growth which increases malnutrition

Primary Products

Raw materials and agricultural products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed.

TNC

transnational corporation

Neo-colonialism

Many of Malawi's large industries are owned by TNC's. Such as Unilever, producing PG tips tea. This means most of the money they make goes back to the British company. Workers are paid very little.

How is a reliance on cash crops bad for Malawi

the prices are variable so there isn't a consistent import value

Quintile

dividing a group into fifths, a method often used to look at distribution of income

Globalisation

The growing integration of the world's economies

Reasons for the increase of globalisation

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