Cell Biology and Genetics Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts in Cell Biology and Genetics from the provided lecture notes.

Calvin Cycle

A process occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

C3 Plants

Plants that close stomata during heat, using O2 to power the Calvin cycle.

C4 Plants

Plants that store CO2 in mesophyll cells as PEP Carboxylase, employing spatial separation.

CAM Plants

Plants that convert CO2 into an acid for storage, using temporal separation.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that a cell goes through, including G1, S, G2, M, and optionally G0.

Mitosis

The division of genetic material in a cell, resulting in two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The process in which the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell divides, forming two separate cells.

G1 Phase

The first phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis.

S phase

Replicating DNA

G2 Phase

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows and prepares for mitosis.

G0

Non dividing phase

Mitotic phase

Made up of mitosis and meiosis

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis

where chromatin condenses

the mitotic spindle begins to form

Centrosomes start to move to opposite poles

Prometaphase

Nuclear envelope breaks down

▪ Kinetochores microtubules attach to centromeres

▪ Nonkinetochore microtubules find each other

Anaphase

Shortest phase

▪ Cohesin is cleaved by seperase

▪ Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms

Chromosomes relax

Microtubules are depolymerized

Cytokinesis

▪ Division of cytoplasm and organelles

▪ Happens differently in animals and plants

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

Characterized by the formation of a cleavage furrow due to actin protein contraction.

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

Involves the formation of a cell plate that separates the two daughter cells derived from the Golgi apparatus.

Checkpoints

Regulatory mechanisms in the cell cycle that ensure proper division and function.

G1

Most important checkpoint seems to be __ checkpoint. If the cell passes through this

one it will normally complete mitosis

Cyclin-dependent Kinases

Enzymes that depend on cyclin levels, playing a crucial role in cell cycle regulation.

It helps the cell move through certain checkpoints

MPF (maturation promoting factor)

o Cyclin + Cyclin-dependent kinase =

Cyclin

____ levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

MPF

Protein complex that plays a crucial role in the cell cycle progression

Meiosis I:

division of homologous chromosomes

o REDUCTION PHASE- this is the phase that the chromosome number is reduced

- Meiosis II:

division of sister chromatids

Prophase I

Chromosomes condense

▪ Homologous chromosome pairs synapse

▪ Crossing over

● Form the chiasmata

▪ Spindle forms

▪ Nuclear membrane breaks down

▪ Spindle attaches to kinetochores

o Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

▪ This is where independent assortment occurs

Anaphase I

Homologs separate (the synapse is broken)

▪ They move to opposite poles

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Cleavage furrow

▪ Chromosomes decondense

Prophase II

Spindle forms

▪ Chromosomes condense

o Metaphase II

Sister chromatids line up on metaphase plate

▪ Microtubules attach

Anaphase II

▪ Sister chromatids separate

▪ More toward opposite poles

o Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Nuclei form

Chromosomes decondense

Spindle breaks down

Meiosis I

The first meiotic division where homologous chromosomes are separated, reducing the chromosome number.

Crossing Over

A process during Prophase I of meiosis I where nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material, creating genetic diversity.

chiasmata

The crossing over of nonsister chromatids form the _____

Independent Assortment

The random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I (meiosis I) leading to genetic variation.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross that considers one trait, determining the phenotypic ratio of offspring.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross examining two traits simultaneously.

Test cross

Cross a dominant phenotype organism with a homozygous recessive organism. Then observe the phenotypic ratio of the progeny. This is a great way to determine the unknown parental genotype

Dominance

The phenomenon where one allele masks the effect of another allele.

Classic Mendelian Inheritance

complete dominance of one allele over

another

Incomplete Dominance

A genetic situation where the phenotype is a blend of the two parent phenotypes.

Co-dominance

A condition in which both alleles in a heterozygote are equally expressed. (See 2 colors)

Pedigree Charts

Diagrams that show the inheritance patterns of traits through generations.

Autosome

Possibly sex linked

1.) Look to see if it affects men and women equally

● If it does= on an ____

● If it doesn’t=_____

recessive

dominant

2.) Look to see if it skips generations

● If it does= ____

● If it doesn’t= ____