Studied by 3 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
riches entrepreneurs
The Industrial Revolution brought great _____ to most _______________ who helped set it in motion.
factory bad
Millions of workers crowded into the new ________ towns with _____ working condition
endured dangerous working conditions,
unsanitary and overcrowded housing,
and unrelenting poverty.
urbanization
The Industrial Revolution brought rapid ____________ or the movement of people to cities.
Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and a demand for workers led people to migrate from farms to cities.
Manchester
Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines grew into cities.
Other cities developed around the factories in once-quiet market towns.
__________- 17,000 people- the center of textile industry- 40,000 people (1780 ) and 70,000 people ( 1801 )
“Cloud of coal vapor” polluted the air, the pounding noise of steam engines, and the filthy stench of the river.
Fast growing development cities and towns due to coal and iron
labor and people
This industry and rapid population growth dramatically changed the location and distribution of two resources: ___________________
new middle class and urban working class
The Industrial Revolution helped create a ____________________________
bourgeoisie
The middle class or ___________included entrepreneurs, merchants, artisans, inventors, and others who profited from industry growth and cities' rise.
entrepreneurs, merchants, artisans, inventors
The middle class or bourgeoisie included _______________________, and others who profited from industry growth and cities' rise.
sense of community
Farm laborers and others who moved to cities took jobs in factories or mines.
In time, factory and mine workers developed their own _________________
entrepreneurs, rags to riches, nice, sympathy
The ____________ benefited most from the Industrial Revolution.
Some rose from "____________.”
Middle-class families lived in _____ houses and community
They take pride in their hard work and determination to “get ahead.”
not a lot have ___________ for the poor.
slums, cholera
While the wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods, vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in ________.
They packed into tiny rooms in tenements with no running water, sewage, or sanitation system.
Sewage rotted in the streets or was dumped into rivers, which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water.
This led to the spread of diseases such as __________.
no labor unions, resisted new machines, Luddites
In the early Industrial Revolution, there were ___________ or organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions.
Weavers and other skilled artisans _________________ that were replacing their jobs
From 1811 to 1813, protesting workers, called _________, smashed machines and burned factories.
The Luddites were harshly crushed, forbidden to form worker associations, and strikes were outlawed.
Luddites opposed technology because they feared losing their jobs.
John Wesley, Methodism, comfort, Sunday schools, channel away anger
________________ founded the ___________ in the 1700s
Working-class people found _______
Wesley stressed the need for a personal sense of faith.
He encouraged his followers to improve themselves by adopting sober, moral ways.
Methodist meetings featured hymns and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life.
tried to rekindle hope among the working poor
set up ____________ to study the Bible but also to learn how to read and write
helped __________________from revolution and toward reform
harsh, long, injuries, mines, women
Working in a factory differed significantly from working on a farm.
In rural villages, people worked hard, but the work varied according to the season. Some seasons were more accessible than others.
The factory system imposed a ______ new way of life on workers.
______ shift (12-16 hr)
_______ are common
Working conditions in the ______ were even worse than in the factories.
Owners sought ______ workers
adaptable, paid less
they believed women were more __________ to the new machines and easier to manage
They could also be _______ than men
child labor
Factories and mines also hired many boys and girls.
These children often started working at age seven or eight; a few were as young as five.
Factories
they changed spools in the hot and humid textile mills,
they crawled under machinery to repair broken threads in the mills
Coal Mines
they sat all day in the dark, opening and closing air vents.
Hauled coal carts in the extreme heat
factory act, Michael Sadler, The Sadler Report , Factory Act, 9, Limit
n the early 1800s, Parliament passed a series of "______________" laws to reform child labor practices.
Early efforts were largely ignored.
In 1833, ________________ headed up a committee to look into the conditions of child workers in the textile industry.
_____________________was presented to Parliament to combat the poor conditions of children in factories.
It brought to light children’s working conditions and helped to pass the ____________________of 1833, which provided more regulations.
no hiring of children under the age of ____
______ the working hours of older children
Other laws passed
To improve working conditions
To limit the workday of both adults and older children ( 10 hours )
To require education of children
To stop the hiring of children and women in mines
Better standard of living, medicine, job
___________________
the level of material goods and services available to people in society
rose for workers
large quanity = lower prices for everyone ot afford
Advance _____
new ____ opprotunites
Entrepreneurs
_____________
Enterprising people opened new businesses and invented new products
Josiah Wedgwood, science, slave trade
______________ was an entrepreneur who combined _______ and new industrial production methods.
He experimented with new materials to improve the quality of his pottery. - He set up a factory that gave each different job to a specially skilled worker.
Used his pottery to spread ideas about social justice, especially the abolition of the ______.
Social and Political Impact, social mobility, move up, right, appeal, labor unions
____________
The Industrial Revolution opened new opportunities for success and increased ____________: the ability of individuals or groups to ____ the social scale.
In the late 1800s- many people embraced the “rags to riches” idea, whereby a person could achieve great wealth and status through hard work and thrift.
Greater political rights came. (middle class expanded, its members pushed for political influence)
The working-class men and, later, women gained the _____________.
gave the working class more power as politicians began to ________ to their concerns.
_______________ won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions.
Physiocrat
__________ , any of a school of economists founded in 18th-century France and characterized chiefly by a belief that government policy should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws and that land is the source of all wealth.
laissez-faire
Middle-class business leaders embraced the _______________, or “hands-off” approach, believing that a free market would eventually help everyone, not just the rich.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nation, free market
______________- author of ____________
the main proponent of laissez-faire economics
He asserted that a____________, or unregulated exchange of goods and services, would come to help everyone, not just the rich.
Thomas Malthus, growing, fewer
__________ (1766–1834) was a British laissez-faire economist.
He felt that the population would grow faster than the food supply.
As long as the population kept _____, the poor would suffer.
He opposed any government help, including charity and vaccinations.
He urged families to have _______children. (Solution to poverty)
David Ricardo, Iron Law of Wages, dismal science.
___________; poor cycle guy
Another British laissez-faire economist, dedicated himself to economics after studying Adam Smith. Like Malthus, Ricardo suggested that poverty would be difficult to escape.
In his “_______________,” he said that wage increases would only cover the cost of basic needs.
He pointed out that when families have more income, they have more children instead of increasing their standard of living.
Because of such gloomy predictions, economics became known as the “_____________”
opposed, unrestricted law of free market, hardwork, less children
Both Malthus and Ricardo ____________ any government help for the poor.
Their viewpoint: The best cure for poverty was the ____________________
Believed that individuals should be left to improve their lot through ___________and _________
Laissez-Faire Economics
no support of gov; free market
Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo
Laissez-Faire Economicists
Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism, happiness, John Stuart Mill
______________
advocated _______________, or the idea that the goal of society should be the “greatest ______________ for the greatest number” of citizens.
all laws or actions should be judged by their “utility.”
In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness than pain?
strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness.
Bentham’s ideas influenced the British philosopher and economist _____________
John Stuart Mill, government
________________
He believed strongly in individual freedom and wanted the ____________ to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will,” Mill wrote, “is to prevent harm to others.”
He called for giving the vote to workers and women to have political powers to win reforms.
utilitarianism
Support Limited Government
Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
Utilitarians
social inequality, capitalism, unjust differences
While the champions of laissez-faire economics favored the free market and individual rights, other thinkers focused on __________ and what they claimed were the evils of industrial ___________.
They argued that industrialization had created an ___________ between rich and poor.
socialism, all, means of production, inefficient
______________: a system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own ___ property and operate all business
__________________: farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
The 1900s: socialist governments gained power and tended to regulate the production and distribution of goods, which often proved ___________.
Robert Owen, Utopians, child labor, employer
______________ established communities where all work was shared, and all property was owned in common. These early socialists were called ______________.
He refused to use ___________, campaigned vigorously for laws that limited child labor, and encouraged the organization of labor unions.
At his factory in New Lanark, he built homes for workers, opened a school for children, and treated employees well.
He wanted to show that an _________ could offer decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business.
socialism and utopians
Focus on solving social inequality
Karl Marx, communism, scientific
_________________
was a German political thinker whose ideas became the foundation for _______________.
He formulated “_______socialism,” which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history
He teamed up with another German socialist, Friedrich Engels, whose father owned a textile factory in England.
His radical ideas left him with few prospects, so he turned to writing.
In the 1860s, was an influential International Working Men’s Association member.
communism, classless society, small elite, authoritarian, Communist Manifesto
___________: a form of socialism advocated where the class struggle was inevitable and would create a _________________ in which the community would own all wealth and property.
It brought a system of government in which the state led by a _____________ controlled all economic and political life and exercised ____________ control over the people
His most famous work was the __________________, which criticized capitalism and predicted that alienated workers would rise to overthrow the bourgeoisie.
haves, bourgeoisie, have-nots, proletariat
He argued that there was “the history of class struggles” between:
The “______” - _____________, who always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all its wealth.
The “____________”- the __________, or working class
According to Marx, the "have nots" exploitation by the "haves" has caused a class struggle throughout human history.
In the ancient world, the struggle was between master and slave;
In the Middle Ages, the struggle was between lord and serf.
In modern industrial society, economic power is held by the bourgeois (boor-ZHWAH) capitalists, those who own the factories, mines, banks, and transportation systems.
he predicted the proletariat would triumph, then take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society.
violent, Social democracy
In Western Europe, communist political parties emerged and promoted the goals of ___________ revolution to achieve a classless society.
The 1860s: German socialists adopted Marx’s beliefs to form social democracy.
_______________ is a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.
In the late 1800s, a rift formed between strict Marxists, who believed in revolution to end capitalism, and social democrats, who believed in the possibility of peaceful reform.
In the late 1800s, Russian socialists embraced Marxism and formed a communist party to bring about revolution.
In 1917, the Russian Revolution set up a communist government there that lasted until 1991.
During the 1900s, revolutionaries in countries from China to Cuba adopted Marxist ideas for their situations and needs.
the working class benefited from the industrial revolution and countries are more connected to eachother than internationally
Marx claimed that his ideas were based on scientific laws. However, many of his ideas turned out to be wrong.
summerize why he failed
He predicted that the misery of the proletariat would touch off a world revolution.
He also predicted that workers would unite across national borders to wage class warfare.
In the late 1900s, the few nations that had experimented with communism were moving away from government control of the economy and were adding elements of free-market capitalism
Note
Flashcard