Unit 4: Scientific, Political, and Philosophical Questions

What was the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic view of the universe?

A geo-centric universe where the Earth is the center, supported by the Church's belief that motion was less natural than rest.

Who was Nicholas Copernicus and what was his contribution to astronomy?

Nicholas Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun lies at the center of the universe.

What did Isaac Newton contribute to the scientific revolution?

Isaac Newton developed the Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation, synthesizing the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

What is the significance of the Scientific Method in the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Method emphasized systematic observation, experimentation, and the use of logic and reasoning to advance knowledge.

What is the meaning of 'Tabula Rasa' as proposed by John Locke?

Tabula Rasa means 'blank slate', suggesting that individuals are shaped by experience and knowledge is derived from sensory experiences.

What was the general idea behind Enlightened Absolutism?

Enlightened Absolutism refers to the rule of absolute monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining their power.

What did Montesquieu advocate for in 'The Spirit of Laws'?

Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny and protect freedoms.

What key concept did Rousseau introduce in 'The Social Contract'?

Rousseau introduced the concept of the 'general will', which holds that collective decision-making reflects the will of the people.

How did Voltaire view the relationship between religion and state?

Voltaire advocated for the separation of Church and State and criticized religious persecution and corruption.

What is the role of skepticism in Enlightenment thought?

Skepticism is viewed as necessary for true understanding, encouraging critical examination of beliefs over blind faith.