exam 2 pych- early childhood

what is the pygmalion effect/ Rosenthal study 

A psychological phenomenon in which high
expectations lead to improved performance in a given
area. self-fulfilling prophecy 

what is validity?

A measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure, instruments can score low or high in validity

what is reliability

Refers to the consistency of measurement
▪ Instruments can score low or high in reliability

what is absence of bias

Instruments should be free of qualities that offend or penalize students
because of their group characteristics

what is interpersonal intelligence

Characterized by an individual who interacts with others
effectively. They possess an understanding of another person’s
state of mind ex. psychiatrist, Anne Sullivan 

what is intrapersonal intelligence 

Characterized by an individual has great self-awareness and
self-understanding ex. Sigmund Freud 

what is linguistic intelligence

Characterized by an individual who communicates with
others effective.
 Exemplars: J.R.R Tolkien, JK Rowling, Stephen King

what is mathematical/ logical intelligence

Characterized by an individual who can calculate, quantify,
consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out
complete mathematical procedures with ease
 Exemplars: Einstein, Alan Turing, Oppenheimer

what is musical intelligence

Characterized by an individual who can easily discern
pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.
 Exemplars: Taylor Swift, Bach, The Beatles, etc.

what is spatial intelligence 

Characterized by an individual ability to think in three
dimensions.
 Exemplars: Pilots, Artists, Architects, etc.

what is kinesthetic intelligence

Characterized by an individual who can effectively
manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills.
 Also includes a sense of timing and the perfection of
skills through mind-body union.
 Exemplars: Patrick Mahomes, Lionel Messi, Simon
Biles, Michael Jordan

what is naturalist intelligence

Characterized by individuals who are concerned with
animals, plants, and the environment.
 Exemplars: Charles Darwin, Steve Irwin, Jarrod
Swackhamer, etc.

what is autism spectrum disorder

A complex neurological and developmental disorder that affects how a
person interacts with others, communicates, learns, and behaves.
 Symptoms typically emerge in early childhood and can last throughout a
person's life, though they may change over time

what are specific characteristics of autism

social skills, repetition and routine like echolalia, egocentrism, and narrow interest 

what is mirror neurons

Neurons that enable us to learn through
observation and experience empathy

what is causes of autism

Unknown. Factors from the environment and genetics contribute to autism
spectrum disorder
 Risk Factors: Father’s age, pregnancy and birth complications, low birth
weight, multiple pregnancies, pregnancies spaced less than a year apart

what is intersex

individuals who do not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or female 1-2%

what is transgender

Individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth 

what is gender

social, cultural, and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity

what is gender identity

sense of being a male or female

what is gender roles

set of expected behaviors for male or for females, gender roles change or vary as a function of time, culture, and geography 

what is aggressiveness

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

what is spanking

physical form or positive punishment

what is learning disability

A specific impairment of academic learning that interferes with a
specific aspect of schoolwork and that reduces a student's
academic performance significantly. ex, Dyslexia(reading), Dysgraphia(writing), Dyscalculia(arithmetic), ADHD

what is child abuse

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or
caretaker which results in death, serious physical or
emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or
failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious
harm
 Four Categories: Neglect, Physical Abuse,
Psychological Maltreatment, and Sexual Abuse
 Examples and associated statistics

what is bullying

Persistent aggression by a perpetrator
against a victim for the purpose of
establishing a power relationship over the
victim.

what is cyberbullying

the use of the internet to bully

what is childhood obesity

Overweighted, 95th percentile for age and sex affects 19.7% of US youth

what is oblivobesity

Lack of recognition from parents that children are
overweight or obese