Lecture: Lymphatic System Pt 4

Some become _____ _______ → go to thymus, there they divide and mature

Pre-T cells

Some become _____ _______ - stay in red bone marrow and mature there

pre-B cells

B and T cells are members of groups of _______, identical to others in the same group

clones

Each clone responds to the _______ _______ antigen

same specific

During development, there is: Positive selection for B & T cells capable of an _________ ____________

immune response

During development: Negative selection against clones that respond to _____ _________

self antigen

After formation, B and T cells __________ in blood and lymphatic tissue

circulate

Lymphocytes live for ________ ________

months-years

Lymphocytes live for months-years, before exposure to antigen, # of clones to that antigen is _____

low

Antigens come into contact with lymphocytes & _______ them

activate

________ process varies (based on lymphocyte type & antigen type)

Activation

2 general principle of activation: Lymphocytes must be able to __________ the antigen

recognize

2 general principles of activation: After recognition, lymphocytes ___________ (divide-increase in #) & ultimately destroy antigen

proliferate

Lymphocyte Activation: 1st trigger- MHC-Antigen complex __________

recognition

Lymphocyte Activation: 1st trigger: For MHC Class II molecules, ________________ are usually the first to recognize the antigen-MHC Class II complex

Helper T cells

Lymphocyte Activation: 1st trigger: For MHC Class I molecules, ________________ are usually the first to recognize the antigen - MHC class I complex

Cytotoxic T cells

Lymphocyte Activation: 2nd trigger- may require ______________

co-stimulation

Lymphocyte Activation: 2nd trigger: Additional events needed to stimulate ____________ of lymphocytes

proliferation

Lymphocyte Proliferation: For _________________________- the Helpfer T cells begins to divide

MHC Class II -antigen complexes

Lymphocyte Proliferation: Daughter cells can be stimulated by the same _______ to further divide - more proliferation

antigen

Lymphocyte Proliferation: Daughter cell can find and stimulate ___________________________

B or Cytotoxic T cells

Lymphocyte Proliferation: Daughter cells can become ________________- long lived (become active in future encounters with the same antigen)

Memory Helper T cells

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: After a Helper T cell is activated, 1 option is that it finds & stimulates a _________

B cell

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: B cell must ______ the same antigen

bind

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: B cells and daughter cells do what?

Divide

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: Produces many generations of B cells that _______________________

recognize the same antigen

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: Many become ____________ and this makes directly the antibodies

Plasma cells

Antibody-Mediated Immunity: Some become _________________

Memory B cells

Proteins produced in response to an antigen, prevalent in plasma (globulin takes part)?

Antibodies

Antibodies are often types of what?

Gamma globulin proteins

Gamma globulin proteins are known as what?

Immunoglobulin

Antibodies: All have ____________ structure made of 4 polypeptide chains

Y shaped

Antibodies: Have __________________- ends of heavy & light chains, combines epitope of antigen and allows specificity

Variable region

Antibodies: Have ____________ - responsible for the action of antibody, nearly identical in all antibodies of particular class

constant region

Effects of antibodies can be what?

Direct and indirect

Effects of antibodies: Disables antigen?

Direct

Effects of antibodies: Initiates events that lead to antigen destruction?

Indirect

Effects of antibodies: Direct: (a) Bind _______, which interferes with antigen functioning

epitope

Effects of antibodies: Direct- (b) Bind epitope on 2 different antigens - interferes with __________ _______________

antigen functioning

Effects of antibodies: Indirect- ©Binds antigen through variable region; constant region activates a cascade of proteins called _______________________

compliment cascade

Effects of antibodies: Indirect- © Stimulates _________________________; attracts WBCs, kills foreign body

inflammatory response

Effects of antibodies: Indirect- (d) Binds antigen through variable region; attaches to _____________________ via constant region

Mast cells or basophils

Effects of antibodies: Indirect- (d) Act as ____________- connect to antigen via variable region; connects to ___________ via constant region and triggers phagocytosis

opsonins and macrophage