B9 - Respiration

What is aerobic respiration?

Glucose reacts with oxygen, transferring energy

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

Exothermic

What is an exothermic reaction?

Transfer energy to environment

What happens to the rest of the energy after a reaction?

Transfers to the environment

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen —→ Carbon Dioxide + water

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ——> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

What does more muscle mean for respiration?

More mitochondria and more respiration needed

What does the number of mitochondria mean?

How active it is

Why is respiration needed?

• To build cells - Make larger molecules to smaller ones

• Digestion - Break larger molecules into smaller ones

• Make muscles contract

• Internal body temperature - Energy transfer to surroundings to cool them down and energy is produces to keep warm

• To transfer substances - Mineral ions to form soil to roots, sugars and nitrates to amino acids

How are muscle tissues adapted to respiration?

• Big groups of protein fibres that contract when energy is transferred

• Many mitochondria for aerobic respiration

• Stores glycogen which turns into glucose

What happens to muscles in exercise?

Contract harder and faster for more glucose and oxygen

What happens in exercise?

• Heart rate increases and arteries become larger, increasing flow of oxygen, supply of oxygen, respiration, and waste leaving body

• Breathing increases rate of oxygen entering the body and rate of carbon dioxide leaving the body

• Glycogen converts to glucose

What are released in aerobic respiration?

• Water

• Carbon Dioxide

• Energy

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

Glucose → Lactic acid
C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₃H₆O₃

What type of exercise does anaerobic respiration?

Intense exercise

Does aerobic or anaerobic energy release more energy?

Aerobic

What effect does lactic acid have on muscles?

Pain and cramps

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

Glucose → Ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

What is anaerboic respiration?

When energy from glucose transfers to cells without oxygen

Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy than aerobic respiration?

As glucose is not broken down completely

What is muscle fatigue?

Cramps in leg due to lactic acid

What is oxygen depth?

How much oxygen is needed for lactic acid to go away

What happens to oxygen in an unfit person?

They transport less oxygen

How do you get rid of lactic acid?

Needs to be converted back into glucose in liver to then transfer into carbon dioxide and water which needs oxygen

Equation for oxygen depth repayment?

Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

What does plants release in anaerobic respiration?

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

What does fermentation mean?

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells used to make break and alcoholic drinks

What is the metabolism?

Sum of all reactions in cells

What are some metabolic reactions?

• Glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose

• Use of glucose in nitrate ions to amino acids

• Respiration

• Photosynthesis

• Breakdown of protein to urea in liver

• Forming lipids

What are anabolic reactions?

Make

What are catabolic reactions?

Break down

What does liver break down and where does it go after?

Liver breaks down carbohydrates into sugars that is moved out the liver into bloodstreams where it goes into cells. Some is stored in liver

What happens to toxins in bloodstreams?

Toxins are detected and converted into a safe substance or excreted into urine

What is liver synthesis?

Makes many substances like protein, cholesterol, vitamin and bile

What is energy used for

• Heat up the environment

• For metabolism that makes or breaks molecules

What is the role of the liver?

• Detoxify poisonous substances like ethanol from alcoholic drinks

• Passing breakdown products to excrete in urine

• Breaking down old blood cells and storing their iron for new blood cells

How is lactic acid removed?

It is transported from blood to liver where it converts back into glucose. This glucose is broken down by aerobic respiration into carbon dioxide and water. Extra glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver

What is the hepatic vein?

Carries blood from liver to heart

What is the hepatic artery?

Brings oxygenated blood from liver to heart

What is the hepatic portal?

Carried blood with undigested food from intestines to liver

Why is the metabolic rate for an organism with a large surface area to volume ratio greater than an organism with a lower surface area to ratio?

Organism with a larger surface area will lose heat more quickly. This means it requires a greater rate of respiration as respiration is a part of metabolism. It will need to generate more heat to keep itself warm.

How is more carbon dioxide released when an animal dies?

The animal is decayed by bacteria, respiration of bacteria releases CO2

When yeast is made, why is gas production higher when the lid is off than when the lid is put on?

Restoration is used to release gas as oxygen is present meaning more energy is released. However, once the lid is placed, there’s no more oxygen so anaerobic respiration happens where less energy is produced so less gas production occurs.