Kinkle 1081 Final

Although a computer is not alive, which fundamental property of like does it share?

Energy utilization

Darwin hypothesized that the Galapagos finches

have beaks that were adapted to allow them to eat local foods

The proposal that one type of organisms can change gradually into another type over a long time is known as

evolution

The term that Darwin used to describe the concept that those with superior physical, behavior or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and thus are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation, is called:

Natural Selection

The number of protons in an atom is equal to its

atomic number

Atoms containing a specific number of protons are called:

elements

The pH of your small intestine is around 7.5 and the Ph of your large intestine can be 5.5. As substances travel from small intestines to the larger intestines what happens to the H+ concentration?

Increase by 100 fold

Negatively charged subatomic particles that have almost no mass are called

electrons

Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons are called:

isotopes

When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as

covalent

Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. These opposite charges allow water molecules to attract each other through

hydrogen bonds

All atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons, usually eight. Depending on whether atoms satisfy the octet rule will predict:

the chemical behavior of an atom

Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as:

ions

Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. As a result you would expect that ammonia (NH3) molecules can form ____ with each other.

hydrogen bonds

The two nitrogen atoms in nitrogen gas (N2) share six electrons forming a _____.

triple covalent bond

Salt is often used to melt ice on roads during the winter because it lowers the freezing/melting point of water. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na+ and Cl- ions break away from the salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Why would this cause ice to melt?

Hydrogen bonds are broken and the salt ions interfere with interactions between H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form ice

The subatomic particle with a positive charge is

proton

A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans is known as

Chitin

A DNA molecule containing 22% Thymine would contain how much guanine?

28%

Proteins digested by trypsin in the stomach acid are broken down to amino acids in

hydrolysis reactions

Lipids are the only class of macromolecules that contain

fatty acids

Proteins are the polymers formed of structural units called

amino acids

The simplest and the most common monosaccharide is a six-carbon sugar called:

glucose

The biological macromolecule that is least soluble in water is a

lipid

Common lipids for energy storage are

Triglycerides

The information storage molecules of cells are called:

nucleic acids

The nitrogenous base that is only found in RNA and not DNA is

Uracil

The types of bonds linking nucleotides in nucleic acids are

phosphodiester bonds

The myoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in muscle cells, has only the first three levels of protein structure. What can you infer about myoglobin?

It is only made up of one polypeptide chain

The semifluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the

cytoplasm

The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is

endosymbiosis

This cellular structure lacks a membrane:

nucleoid

Cells that produce a lot of lipids for membranes would have an enlarged

smooth ER

A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are so many ribosomes. You respond,

This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body

Plants, fungi, and bacteria all have

cell walls

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

gap junctions

Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?

tubulin

Cilia and flagella bend because of

a motor protein called dynein

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?

Mitochondria

The net movement of substances through regions of lower concentration is called

diffusion

The plasma membrane is a thing sheet of lipids embedded with

proteins

If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being

isotonic

How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?

The hyrdophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid

Which protein classes are not found as membrane proteins

hormones

The part of a membrane that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primary composed of amino acids that are

non-polar

The type of movement that is specific and requires a carrier moleculese and energy is

Active transport

In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that

3 Na ions leave, 2 K ions enter

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of

electrons

You eat a bowl of beans as part of your dinner. As you digest the beans, the proteins that are present get broken down to their component amino acids. As your body destroys the macromolecules that were present in the beans, is the energy present in those molecules destroyed?

No, The energy is contained within these macromolecules is converted to other forms of chemical energy and kinetic energy and some is lost as heat

The amount of energy available to do work is

free energy

In a chemical reaction, 1,3-bisphosphoglcerate + ADP yields a 3-phosphoglycerate plus ATP. What is the delta G for this reaction?

less than zero

A particular reaction has a negative delta G. However, this reaction takes many years to proceed in the absence of enzyme. Why is this the case?

A certain amount of activation energy is required for the reaction to proceed

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called

substrate

The inorganic non-protein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as

Cofactors

A drug binds to the active site of an enzyme. If it is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. This drug would be considered a:

competitive inhibitor

Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?

Anabolic are endergonic, and catabolic are exergonic

Organisms that depends on the energy stored in chemical bonds by other organisms for their food energy are called

heterotrophs

What is the oxidized form of the most common electron carrier that is needed both for glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

NAD+

Why is the energy generated from the catabolism of sugars and other macromolecules ultimately harnessed to generate ATP?

ATP can be used by cells to drive endergonic reactions

A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorlaytiou that occurs in the tracheal cells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane/ He has access to the following inhibitors: Rotenone- a electron transport inhibitor, Oligomycinan- and ATP synthase inhibitor, and TLN232- an inhibitor of glycolysis. Which inhibitor should she used to slow down the initial substrate-level phosphorlaytiou that occurs once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane>

TLN232

In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product which is called:

pyruvate

All of the reactions of cellular respiration that occur after glycolysis take place in what part of the eukaryotic cell?

mitochondria

What are the products from one turn in the Krebs cycle?

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1FADH, 1 ATP

The energy released in the mitochondria electron transport chain is used to transport protons to where?

Into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria

Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix?

To generate and maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production

Cytochromes contain a heme group similar to that in hemoglobin. The iron atom (Fe) in the center of the group can be oxidized and reduced. If someone was suffering from iron deficiency anemia, what stage of cellular respiration would be most affected?

The electron transport chain

What happens to oxygen that is used in cellular respiration

It is reduced to form water

DCCD is a chemical that disrupts the function of ATP synthase. Why will treatment with DCCD cause a cell to die?

Protons cannot flow from the inter membrane space into the matrix

In the absence of oxygen, can cells utilize the Electron Transport Chain?

Yes, in the case that a cell can use a terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen, it can make use of the electron transport chain.

Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis. From which of the following molecules is the oxygen derived?

Water

In plants, production of NADPH

requires electrons originally found in water

Illuminated chloroplasts deprived of carbon dioxide

will accumulate ATP, NADPH, and not produce glucose

What are the characteristics of red light, which is absorbed by chlorophylls

Its photons have the longest wavelength in the visual spectrum

Carotenoids are important to many plants because these pigments are able to

Absorb wavelengths of light that neither chlorophyll a nor b can absorb

The calvin cycle requires all of the following except

Oxygen

Relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon containing group, and a hydrogen atom are called:

amino acids

Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called

monosaccharides

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the only other organelles besides that nucleus that contain

DNA

Given what you know about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, what structures must you include?

Ribosomes

How does the organization of the bacterial genome differ from the organization of the eukaryotic genome?

Most bacterial genomes are circular and eukaryotic chromosomes in the nucleus are not

A person whose cell contains a chromosome number of 2n+1 most likely has which type of condition

Trisomy

Before cell division of somatic cells, each chromosome must be replicated. After replication, the resulting two parts of each chromosome are held together by cohesion at the centromere. These two parts are referred to as

Sister chromatids

A cell biologist produces a karyotype of mouse somatic cells arrested in mitosis. She sees 40 chromosomes, which is completely normal for mice. Based on this information, what is the haploid number of chromosomes for mice?

20

A somatic cell from a corn plant normally contains 20 chromosomes. How many sister chromatids would that cell contain during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

40

The portion of the cell cycle when the cell is growing and does not contain a replicated genome is referred to as

G1

Plant cells typically achieve cytokinesis by

Forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell

If a chromosomes contains a mutation such that it cannot bind to the kinetochore complex what would be the consequence?

The chromosome would not be able to bind to the mitotic spindle

This stage of mitosis is characterized by the disassembly of spindle apparatus, the reestablishment of the nuclear membrane, and the decondensation of the chromosomes:

telophase

The process of nuclear division that reduce the number of chromosomes per cell from 2 sets to 1 set is called

meiosis

The zygote has

two copies of each chromosome

What process produces new cells that are genetically identical to the original cell?

Mitosis

Chromosomes exchange genetic information by

crossing over

At the end of meiosis 2, each of the four resulting cells contain

one full set of chromosomes, each with 1 molecule of DNA

Alternate forms of the same gene are called

Alleles

Mendel used what approach to determine whether an individual with the dominant was homozygous or heterozygous for the trait?

test crosses

This term can be used to describe a diploid organism that has two identical alleles for a given trait.

homozygous

During his experiment with pea plants, Mendel referred to the trait that was expressed in the F1 generation as

dominant

In Mendel's experiments on seed color in pea plants, when a dominant yellow seed-bearing plant was crossed with a recessive green seeded bearing plant, what was the approximate phenotype in the F2 generation?

3 yellow 1 green

A male fruit fly has the genotype PpYYrrTt. In terms of these 4 allele pairs, how many different types of gametes can be formed?

4