Human Anatomy and Physiology

Integumentary

skin, hair, and nails

Skeletal

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Muscular

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Nervous

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Endocrine

Glands (pancreas, adrenals and pituitary)

Cardiovascular

heart and blood vessels

Respiratory

lungs, trachea, and pharynx

Lymphatic

Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Digestive

Stomach, intestines and esophagus

Urinary

Kidney and bladder

Reproductive

testes or ovaries

anterior (ventral)

toward the front/belly

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

medial

toward the midline

lateral

toward the sides

superficial

near the surface

deep

toward the center of the body

superior

above another body part

inferior

below another body part

supine

face up

prone

face down

cubit

elbow, forearm

carp-

wrist

pect-

chest, breast

cervic-

neck, cervix

cephal(o/a)

head

ante

before

bucco(o/a)

cheek

cox (o/a)-

hip

glut(e/eo)-

buttocks

axill(o/a)-

armpit

anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body part

physiology

the study of function of the human body part

anatomy and physiology relation

the structure of organs and body parts determines the function

levels of organization

subatomic particles

atom; composed of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons)

molecule; consists of joined together particles

macromolecule; large particles consists of molecules

organelle: functional part of a cell

cell; basic unit of life, structure, and functions

tissue; layer of mass of cells with a specific function

organ; group of different tissues with a function

organ system; group of organs with common function

organism; composed of organ systems

characteristics of life

movement—change in position

responsiveness—reaction to change

growth—increase in body size

reproduction—production of new organisms

metabolism—chemical reactions in a living system; energy production and nutrient cycling

Metabolism

respiration—bringing in oxygen, exhaling carbon dioxide

digestion—breaking down food into smaller forms

absorption—passage of substances through the membrane

circulation—movement of substances in body fluids

excretion—removal of waste

procedures for internal structures

ultrasound; waves that provide images of soft internal structures

magnetic resonance scan (MR): change alignment and spin of atoms

requirement for organisms

water—most abundant substance in body; required for metabolic process, etc

food—gives nutrients, supplies energy and raw materials

oxygen—used to release energy from nutrients

heat—form of energy; partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

pressure—force on an object (atmospheric pressure → for breathing; hydrostatic pressure → blood flowing)

homeostasis

maintaining of a stable internal environment

homeostatic control mechanisms

monitors aspects of the internal environment and adjusts/corrects as needed; three parts (receptor, control center, and effector)

Receptor

provides info about the stimuli

control center

tells what a particular value should be (set point) in comparison to the change

effector

elicits responses that change conditions

2 types of homeostatic control mechanisms

negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms

negative feedback

some type of variable that triggers a counter response in order to come back to a set point

-Ex: body temperature

positive feedback

increases (accelerates) the action of the body; short lived

-Ex. Child birth and blood clotting

2 main Portion of the body

axial portion and appendicular portion

axial portion

consist of the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular portion

consists of the arm and leg

the mediastinum

contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus; forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity

major body cavities of the axial portion

cranial cavity, vertebral canal/spinal canvity, diaphragm, abdominopelyic cavity, mediastinum and throacic cavity

cavities of the head

oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities

oral cavity

mouth area that contains the teeth and tongue

nasal cavity

located on the nose that is divided into right and left portions; sinuses are connected (includes sphenoidal and frontal sinuses.

orbital cavities

contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

middle ear cavities

found inside the ear and contains the middle ear bone

visceral layer

covers an organ

parietal layer

lines a cavity or body wall

integumentary system and its function

covers body, protection, body temp regulation, sensory reception, production of vitamin D

Skeletal system and its function

support and movement, framework, protection, attachment sites, production of blood cells

muscular system and its function

support and movement, main source of body heat, of posture

nervous system and its function

coordination of organs through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; fast and short term effects

endocrine system and its function

coordination of organ function through hormones; slower and longer-lasting effects

cardiovasular system and its function

transportation of gases. nutrients, blood cells, hormones and wastes

lymphatic system and its function

transportion of fluids from tissue to blood, carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends body against infection

digestive system and its function

receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products, and excretes waste

respiratory system and its function

moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air, absorbs oxygen

urinary system and its function

removes blood waste, regulates electrolyte & water balance and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it

organ systems and its functions

produce and transport sex cells, produces hormones and produce new organisms

anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward, palms facing at the side

bilateral

on both sides

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite sides

cross section

a cut across the structure (like this —)

oblique section

an angular cut (like this /)

longitudinal section

a lengthwise cut (like this |)

Quandrants

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ (looks like this +)

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye cavity

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

octic

ear

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

acromial

point of the shoulder

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

abdominal

abdomen

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrists

palmar

palms

digital

finger

genital

external reproductive organs