Plant Biology - Leaves, Stems, Roots, Seeds, Fruits, and Water Transport

Vocabulary flashcards related to plant leaves, stems, roots, seeds, fruits, water transport, and related plant physiology topics from the provided lecture notes.

Palmately compound leaf

A cluster of leaflets attached to the end of the petiole.

Sessile leaf

Leaf that lacks a petiole

Bracts

Modified flower petals, found at the bases of flowers or flower stalks.

Whorled leaf arrangement

A leaf arrangement in which there are three or more leaves at a node

Opposite leaf arrangement

A leaf arrangement in which there are two leaves at a node.

Venation

Refers to arrangement of the veins within a leaf

Dichotomous venation

Venation that forks repeatedly in leaves

Bundle sheath

Jacket of cells surrounding a leaf vein

Chlorenchyma

Tissue in leaves, another name for mesophyll cells.

Guard cells

Cells that, when malfunctioning, may cause stomata to no longer open and close.

Bulliform cells

Cells that roll up grass leaves if conditions are dry.

Spongy mesophyll

Has numerous intercellular spaces, located in the middle of the leaf.

Phloem

Where sugars produced in photosynthesis are loaded for transport throughout the plant.

Chloroplasts

Organelle conspicuous at the light microscope level in cells of the palisade mesophyll.

Reticulate venation

Leaf venation patterns in dicot leaves.

Succulent leaves

Specialized leaves found in plants living in arid environments.

Flowerpot leaves

Provide a haven for ant nests, and adventitious roots harvest minerals from the resulting accumulation of nutrient-rich material.

Densely hairy leaves

Morphological adaptation to reduce water loss from the leaf?

Leaflet

Modified as a tendril.

Fewer, well-defined mesophyll layers

Typical characteristic of a shade leaf.

Sclerenchyma

In spines most of the normal leaf tissue is replaced with.

Pitcher plants

Insect-trapping leaves that do not have active traps

Anthocyanins

Leaf pigment that is red if the cell sap is slightly acid and blue if the cell sap is slightly alkaline.

Carotenes/Xanthophylls

Leaf pigments mostly responsible for gold to orange leaf colors in the fall

Separation layer

In the abscission zone of the leaf, the __ is closest to the stem.

Abscission zone

Zone of the leaf where pectins in the middle lamella of cells may break down in the fall.

Hypocotyl

the stem growing tip is nestled within the cotyledons and is pulled through the soil in a germinating bean seed (dicot)

Coleoptile

surrounds the growing tip in germinating corn (monocot) seeds.

Pericarp

Tissue layer closest to the seed.

Accessory fruits

Little fruits that develop around a larger fruit.

After-ripening

Process that prevents seeds from germinating until the embryo has fully developed.

Hilum

The spot on a bean seed marks where a radicle will emerge.

Dormancy/Seed Dormancy

May be caused by a strong, impervious seed coat, the presence of an inhibitor, or the lack of a germination promoter.

Rafflesia flower

The largest known flower in the world.

Grasses, trees and weeds

Class of flowering plants that produce small, inconspicuous flowers.

Herbaceous

Most monocots description.

Pistil

Part of a flower, usually contains at least one ovule.

Peduncle

Structure from which flowers are directly derived.

Receptacle

Floral parts are attached to an apical portion of the flowering stem called the.

Pistil

Made of three regions: the stigma, style, ovary.

Ovules

The parts of a flower that eventually become seeds.

Receptacle

What the fleshy edible part of the strawberry actually is.

Aggregate fruit

Derived from a simple flower having more than one pistil.

Acorns, hazelnuts

Classified botanically as nuts.

Cabbage, broccoli, and radishes

Produce siliques or silicles for fruits.

Tomatoes and grapes

Classified botanically as true berries.

Parthenocarpic fruits

Seedless fruits that develop without fertilization occurring.

Plums, apricots, and coconuts

drupes

Receptacle and/or the floral tube

Groups of fruits where most of the flesh of pomes comes from.

Exocarp

The skin of most fruits

inflorescence

Multiple fruits develop from.

Vivipary

Term for growth of seed embryo without any dormancy.

Hooks on fruit surface

Enables seeds to be dispersed by hooking in the fur, feathers, or clothing and being brushed off at another location.

Hypocotyl

Part of the stem below the cotyledons.

Scarification

Process of altering the seed coat to permit germination.

Imbibition

Process when moisture enters a seed and causes the tissues to swell with tremendous expansion forces.

Animal dispersal

Flat fruits of a plant that are covered in fine, hooked hairs and are dispersed by this method.

Annual

Plant that completes its cycle in the same growing season.

Biennial

Flowering plant that does not complete its life cycle until its second growing season.

Aquatic Plant

Cross section comes from the leaf of an aquatic plant.

Tendril lacks strength

What occurs with a tendril that lacks sclerenchyma.

Water storage decreases

What occurs with a succulent plant with leaves that lack parenchyma cells.

Dry, sandy location

To find a plant that produces window leaves, the most likely location to succeed in this endeavor.

Transpiration

Active transport is the reverse of.

Equilibrium

Process that is reached when molecules are evenly distributed in the space available to them.

Osmotic potential

amount of pressure needed to make water rise in a narrow tube.

Guttation

Water loss in liquid form from a leaf.

Hydathode

Normally located at the tips of a leaf vein.

Differentially permeable membrane

a membrane that permits anything up to the size of large molecules to pass through.

Tension in the leaf xylem

Is due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water as well as transpiration.

Active transport

Physiological pump is believed to be involved in.

Osmosis

movement occur across a selectively permeable membrane.

Polar molecule

Molecule that has slightly different electric charges at each end.

Imbibition

Hydrogen bonds with large organic molecules such as cellulose in living or dead tissues.

Guttation

Where water is forced out of the leaf when leaf pores are closed at night.

Capillarity

Process that is the cohesion of water molecules, their adhesion to the walls of narrow tubes, and the resulting rise of water in the tubes

Guttation

Affected when hydathodes are rendered nonfunctional.

Pressure-flow hypothesis

Theory for movement of sugars in the phloem.

Sink

Area within a plant where food is utilized.