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Vocabulary flashcards covering fractures, thoracic injuries, abdominal wall defects, and inguinal hernias discussed in the lecture.
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First Rib Fracture
A rare break, usually in the subclavian groove, indicating high-energy trauma or avulsion from scalene contraction; often accompanies cervical spine and neurovascular injuries.
Subclavian Groove
Structurally weak depression on the superior surface of the first rib where fractures most commonly occur.
Flail Chest
Condition in which at least three consecutive ribs each sustain multiple fractures, producing a free segment that moves independently of the thoracic cage.
Paradoxical Breathing
Abnormal respiratory motion where the flail rib segment moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration.
Atelectasis
Collapse of lung tissue; stagnant regions following rib fractures or flail chest are prone to this complication.
Diastasis Recti
Separation of the rectus abdominis muscles caused by stretching of the linea alba, leading to a midline abdominal bulge—common postpartum or with obesity.
Linea Alba
Midline fibrous seam of the abdominal wall that can stretch during pregnancy, predisposing to diastasis recti or umbilical hernia.
Relaxin (Hormone)
Pregnancy hormone that increases connective-tissue laxity, contributing to linea alba stretching and diastasis recti.
Umbilical Herniation
Protrusion of abdominal contents through a torn or overly stretched linea alba at the umbilicus; a potential progression of diastasis recti.
Patent Processus Vaginalis
Failure of the embryonic peritoneal outpouching to close after testicular descent, creating a pathway for pediatric indirect inguinal hernia.
Pediatric Inguinal Hernia
Protrusion of intestinal tissue into the inguinal canal or scrotum in children, typically due to a patent processus vaginalis; more common on the right.
Reducible Hernia
Hernia in which protruded tissue can move back and forth, often enlarging during expiration and receding with inspiration.
Incarcerated Hernia
Hernia whose contents are fixed and cannot be reduced; a precursor to strangulation.
Strangulated Hernia
Incarcerated hernia in which blood supply is compromised, creating a surgical emergency.
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
Most common type; abdominal contents enter the deep inguinal ring lateral to Hesselbach’s triangle and traverse the entire canal.
Direct Inguinal Hernia
Abdominal contents push directly through a weakened abdominal wall within Hesselbach’s triangle, exiting via the superficial ring only.
Hesselbach’s Triangle
Area of potential weakness bordered by the inferior epigastric vessels, lateral edge of rectus abdominis, and inguinal ligament; gateway for direct hernias.