Exam 3 definitions and ID's

What are the basic beliefs of Buddhism?

Buddhism: Budda (first to achieve enlightenment and becomes a model for people to follow) Real name: Siddhartha Gautama)
- Samsara (reincarnation)
- Nirvana (Release, enlightenment)-detach from desire

What distinguishes Mughal and Hindu architecture in purpose and form?

Mughal architecture is very simple with round and painted arches, "onion" domes, and minarets. Hindu architecture is very decorative, and it showcases their gods

Compare Mughal and Rajput painting in forms and concepts.

While the Mughal painting is more objective, secular, academic, and dramatic in nature, Rajput Painting is a reflection of art which was both princely and popular. Rajput Paintings reflected a more lyrically layered, static and contemplate a way of life.

What impact did colonialism have on South and Southeast Asia?

The colonial system is to blame for a number of issues in the region, including poverty, inequality, and corruption. As a result, colonialism left a long-term legacy of inequality, poverty, and corruption in the countries it affected.

How did contact with Europe affect the art and traditions of India?

When Europeans colonized India, they created a market for their art. But, in turn, the styles of their art were much influenced by indigenous Indian culture.

What were the values and styles of “traditional” European Art, which were established in the
Renaissance and continued to be the standard until about the mid-19th century?

expression of the values and beliefs of the upper-class men

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on 19th and 20th century art and architecture?

Prefabrication
Historicism
Funtionism

What were World Fairs?

is a large international exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations

How did the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower embody the modern innovations of their day?

Height of the structure
Elevator
Prefabrication

What new materials were available for architecture and how did they affect the style of
Modern architecture?

iron, steel, and sheet glass

What are the differences
between Niepce’s heliograph, Daguerre’s daguerreotype, Talbot’s calotype, and Archer’s wet plate process?

Daguerre and Niépce found that if a copper plate coated with silver iodide was exposed to light in a camera, then fumed with mercury vapour and fixed (made permanent) by a solution of common salt, a permanent image would be formed.
The main difference between all of these is the time it took for the images to print.

What was the impact of photography on art?

photography played a major role in democratizing art by making it cheaper, portable, and accessible. Particularly, photographed portraits were cheaper and easier to make than painted portraits. Photographs saved artists lots of time and allowed them to capture important moments.

What is the significance of Courbet’s The Stone Breakers and The Burial at Ornans? Why were they controversial in their day?

In Stone Breakers, he calls attention to the rough lives of lowly laborers, a controversial subject at the time. They are not individualized or idealized. They are dirty and doing backbreaking work in tattered clothes. Unlike Neoclassical or Romantic art, the scene is not pleasing and uplifting or sensational and emotional.

How did the Modern movements react to industrialization and challenge the traditional values, subjects, and forms of the Renaissance and the Academic work that followed it?

Modernism was a response to the rapidly changing conditions of life due to the rise of industrialization and the beginning of wartime, with artists looking for new subject matter, working techniques, and materials to better capture this change.

How was avant-garde?

refers to Modern art’s capacity for societal, political, and cultural revolution and artists aspired to defy accepted artistic criteria in order to develop new paradigms of creation.

How did the subjects and forms of Manet’s paintings, Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe and Olympia,
challenge Western traditions and values?

Manet evidently tried to paint something that will create controversy, in an attempt to show that he did not want to conform to conventional subjects

What were the main characteristics and concerns of Impressionism?

a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience.

What are some distinctions or attitudes of the Modernist period as a whole, and what are the
4 Modernist approaches?

(1) The idea of truth as an important relation to reality.
(2) The idea of reality as something perceptible.
(3) The assumption that we should further our insight into reality by the analysis of certainties. (4) The idea of sentences as owners of meaning and truth. Signs of this approach are then traced in history.

Impressionism

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Post-Impressionism

the work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern which led to the development of expressionism.

Fauvism

a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism

German Expressionism

is a cultural movement that is challenging to define as it is not distinguished by a singular style or method of creation, but rather is better described by both the mindset of the artist creating the work and the generation he or she lived in.

Cubism

an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage.

Futurism

dada (1916-1921)

doesn’t mean anything kind
Many felt war was chaotic and so art should resemble destruction

Surrealism (1924-1933)

elements of reality that appear dream like

What were some themes and concerns in Modern art of the Americas?

How did artists throughout the Americas respond to aspects of European Modernism?

artists attempted to compete artistically with these established Europeans.

How did they respond to: industrialization and consumerism, 2 World Wars, The
Great Depression, and the growing influence of the mass media after WWII?

How did new technology influence Modern architecture? How is the International Style
different from Organic architecture?

What are the major themes and concerns that characterize Postmodernism?

What are some major themes of art in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in the 21st century?

How do
recent trends in contemporary art continue to challenge the traditions and definitions of art?

What are Zen Buddhism and Shinto, and how did they influence Japanese art?

What are the aesthetic values evident in many different examples of Japanese art?

ink and screen paintings

ukiyo-e prints

Japanese woodblock print style that emerged in the 17th century.

garden design

is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.

Who ruled Japan during the Muromachi, Momoyama, and Edo periods

What changed in
the Meiji Period?

How did Western art influence Japan?

by using Western techniques such as chiaroscuro (shading) and perspective.

What are the differences between Japanese Yōga and
Nihonga paintings?

What was Japonisme?

a French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design among a number of Western European artists in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of foreign trade with Japan in 1858

What are some of the main approaches/forms and materials of African art?

wood and clay sculptures
kente cloth

What are some major themes of African art, and how are they reflected in the works?

Ancestor Worship
Power Figures
gender roles

How did African art influence Modern Western art? What about it was appealing to these artists?

The African art inspired these western artists to break the norms, such as naturalism

What are some of the themes and subjects expressed in contemporary “non-Western” art?

How have
artists responded to local cultural traditions and concerns and Western influences?

Artists shifted away from traditional techniques and themes and moved toward more abstract pieces.

What are the basic beliefs of Hinduism?

“Religion of the Indians" - many gods

- Brahman: you cannot see, it is a part of everything
- Shiva: destroyer and creator God
- Vishnu: preserver, saving or rescuing somebody or something
-Devi: goddess

What are the basic beliefs Islam

-Allah: The Creator, the Sustainer, the Healer
-aniconic: the avoidance of images of sentient beings in some forms of Islamic art
-mosque: is the Muslim gathering place for prayer
-minaret: a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques

What is Functionalism and how does this building demonstrate it?

“Form follows function”

The outside of the building tells how it is used on the inside

Top office, bottom commercial space