Plants and Humans Test 1

green algae

ancestor of land plants

If no vascular tissue

Bryophyte (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

If yes vasuclar tissue

Vascular plants

Yes vascular tissue; How does the plant reproduce? If only spores

ferns/fern allies

Yes vascular tissue; How does the plant reproduce? If seeds

seed plant

If seed plant, where do we find the seeds? If in cone

Gymnosperm (Ginkgo, Conifers, Cycads, Gnetophytes)

If seed plant, where do we find the seeds? If in fruits

Angiosperms

Yes angiosperm; How many cotyledons (seed leaves)? If one

Monocotyledon

Yes angiosperm; How many cotyledons? If two

Dicotyledon

Monocotyledon

oat, wheat, rice, grass, sugarcane

parallel veins

flower parts in multi

usually dont experience secondary growth

Dicotyledon

grapes, tomatoes, peas, roses, oak trees

flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

veins are brached

some can have secondary growth

roots

absorb water and nutrients from the soil support the shoot

area of cell division

where the number of cells increase

area of elongation

cells increase in size

area of maturation

cells develop their specialized functions

root cap

secrete a mucilage to moisten the soil as it grows through it; protects the root apical meristem

root apical meristem

has cells that an continually divide

root hairs

increase surface area of the root so the root can take more dissolved ions (nutrients) from the soil

taproot

main root and offshoot roots (turnips, raddishes, etc)

fibrous roots

grasses, corn, wheat, millet, oats

sepals

green leaves that enclose a flower bud

petals

colorful and showy to attract pollination

stamen

male reproductive part of a flower

anther

hold pollen sacs → contain sperm

filament

stalk that upholds anther

carpel (pistil)

female reproductive part of a flower

stigma

sticky surface on which pollen lands

style

tube connecting the stigma to the ovary

ovary

holds ovules

fruit

ripened ovary with seeds

vegetable

any edible plant part that is not ripened with ovary seeds

annual life span

grows very quickly, live in one year

biennial life span

live two years

perennial life span

live more than 2 years

childhood/juvenile life stage

development and survival

adulthood

reproductively active, fully developed

herbaceous stem texture

green, flexible, shorter, annuals/biennials/perennials

woody stem texture

stronger, inflexible, bark/brown, taller, perennials

levels of biological organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Robert Hooke

coined the term cell

van Leeuwenhoek

first person to see living cells under a microscope

Schleiden

found that all plants are made from cells

Schwann

found that all animals made of cells

Virchow

discovered that cells come from prexisting cells

The Cell Theory

1. Cells are the most basic unit of life.

2. All living things are made from cells.

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

organelles

substructures within cells with a specific function

cell wall

• unique to plant cells

• made of cellulose

• outermost layer of the plant cell

plasma membrane

• toward the interior of the cell wall

• semi-permeable

cytoplasm

• jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles

• cytosol: the liquid part

nucleus

• contains DNA

• has 2 membranes

central vacuole

• unique to plant cells

• stores cell sap like water, pigment, and waste

plastids

• unique to plant cells

• various functions

• double membrane

proplastids

• simple plastids

• found in meristems

• rapid cell division

chloroplast

• rich in chlorophyll

• absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

• converted proplastid

chromoplast

• converted chloroplast

• reddish-orange pigment

amyloplast

• rich and starchy

• store starch

mitochondrion

• generate energy

endoplasmic recticulum

produces proteins

rough endoplasmic recticulum

ribosomes attached

smooth endoplasmic recticulum

making lipids

ribosomes

make proteins

microtubules and microfilaments

• make up a cytoskeleton (internal skeleton)

• transportation

intercellular spaces

spaces between cells where gas exchange occurs and is found more often in mature plant parts

parenchymal cell

• cells living at maturity with a thin primary cell wall

• starch storage

• found in meristems and easy to bite raw foods or after boiling

• photosynthesis

collenchyma cell

• cell is living at maturity

• primary cell wall is thickened at the corners

sclerenchyma cell

• dead at maturity

• primary cell wall has a secondary cell wall (lignin)

• two types: fibers and sclereids

epidermis

outermost layer of the plant

cuticle

waxy layer that coats the epidermis and waterproofs

stomata

the opening for gas exchange

has guard cells

trichomes

hair like projections on plant surfaces

vascular tissue components

xylem and pholem

pholem

transports sugars

xylem

transports water

mesophyll cells

interior of the leaf

palisade mesophyll

column shaped cells with many cholorplasts

spongy mesophyll

have spaces for gas exchange

wood has:

• secondary xylem

• annual growth ring

early wood/spring wood

• formed when water is more available

• wider band of annual ring

• larger cells

• cells are not densely packed

• sapwood

  • outermost layer, lighter, still conducts water

late wood/summer wood

• formed during a time when water is less available

• thinner band of annual ring

• smaller cells

• cells packed densely (darker)

• heartwood

  • innermost layer, darker, does not conduct water, anti microbial compounds