Cell Organelles and membrane grade 12

Mitochondria

• powerhouse of the cell

• Converts food/glucose into ATP Ce

Cell/Plasma membrane

• Keeps cell contained in order for cell to carry out its functions

• Controls what goes in and out of cell

Centrisome

• Hold on to the genetic material (chromatin that becomes chromosomes) and pulls them apart

Filaments

• around outside of cell

• provide more structure

Peroxisome

• Oxidize or neutralize some ionic substances

• detoxify chemicals that end up in cells 

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• makes/synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids 

Lysosomes

• contains enzymes to help break down different molecules that enter the body 

• Garbage can of the cell

Vacuole 

• storage of different chemicals 

Cytoplasm 

• cell fluid 

Vesicles

• sends proteins to different areas across cells to complete function

Golgi Apparatus

• Further modifications 

• Package in vesicle C

Chromatin

• Turns into chromosomes 

• genetic material 

Nucleolus 

• makes ribosomes 

Nucleus 

• DNA transcribed into mRNA 

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• modifies proteins (initial folding, quality control, glycosulation, destination tagging)

Ribosomes

• Translate mRNA into proteins

Microtubules

• long, thin fibres that originate from the centresome and connect organelles together

Carrier Proteins

• allow passage of specific molecules through facillitated diffusion or active transport 

• take shape of molecule they’ll bring along 

Channel proteins

• form a pore or tunnel through hydrophobic interior of membrane to enable water soluble molecules to pass by facilliated diffusion

which molecules can diffuse through plasma mebrane on their own?

• small uncharged molecules

• gases

• hydrophobic molecules

• small polar molecules

which molecules can diffuse through membrane and channel protein? 

• large polar molecules 

• charged molecules 

transport across memthe brane by carrier proteins

• sugars like glucose

• amino acids

• ions

Aquaporin

• special channel protein that speeds up passage of water molecules across membrane

GLUT1 protein

• facillitates transport of glucose across the cell surface membranes of mammilian cells 

G protein 

• invloved in signaling pathways 

• intracellular

Cell surface antigens 

• provide identificcation cell signiture so that the body can distinguish between its own cells and foreign molecules