NLS INFANCY

infancy

the period from birth to one year.

• transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life; major adjustment

• Characterized by rapid changes in physical growth, development, and maturation of oral, fine, and motor skills

motor skills

; baby has to carry out essential functions on his own

full term infant

born between 37-42 weeks

preterm infant

born before 37 weeks

low birth weight

born w weight of 2.5 kg or below

very low birth weight

weighs <1.5 kg at birth

extremely low birth weight

weighs less than 1kg at birth

2.7-3.2 kg

healthy weight in filo standards

48-50 cm

healthy length ph standards

35 cm

healthy head circumference ph standards

vernix caseosa

skin is covered w this at birth

lanugo

fine hair

physiologic jaundice; kernicterus

• Develops 3-4 days after birth

• Due to breakdown of fetal erythrocytes

• Limited uptake of bilirubin by the liver (Ligandin is low)

• Limited capacity for conjugation to water soluble form (UDPGT is low)

• Delayed bilirubin excretion due to beta-glucuronidase

• "_______" or bilirubin encephalopathy

5-6

weight doubles at ____ months

fontanel

bunbunan

fat

accumulates until 9 mos

75%; 60%

water is __ at birth and __ at 1 yr

25%; 75%

at birth, the brain is ___ of its adult weight and reaches ___of adult size age twelve to twenty four months

20

___ baby teeth begin to erupt six and seven months, complete by age three

20-10; 200

Digestion and absorption - the stomach capacity of an infant increases from _____ ml at birth to ____ ml by one year of age.

6;9

at _ mos, biting and chewing are added to sucking

good closure of mouth @ ___ can drink alr

babinski

A baby’s toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked.

Perhaps a remnant of evolution from heel to toe.

blink

A baby’s eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise.

protects the eyes

moro

A baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing)

May help a baby cling to its mother in response to loud noise

palmar

A baby grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand.

Precursor to voluntary grasping

rooting

When a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the cheek that was stroked and opens its mouth

Helps a baby find the nipple

stepping

A baby who is held upright by an adult causes the feet to step.

Precursor to voluntary walking forward begins to step rhythmically

sucking

A baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth.

permits feeding

withdrawal

A baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin.

Protects a baby from unpleasant stimulation.

motor development

ability to control voluntary muscle movement

cephalocaudal

development pattern of muscle control

proximodistal

development pattern of muscle development

motor development

reflects an infant’s ability to control voluntary muscle movement.

influences both the ability of the infant to feed and the amount of calories expended in the activity

early infancy

Fusses and cries; mouths the nipple - h

Draws away from nipple; falls asleep - s

16-24 weeks

Actively approaches breast or bottle; leans forward to spoon - h

Releases nipple and withdraws head; bites nipple; increase attention to surroundings - s

28-36 weeks

vocalizes eager for bottle or food - h

Changes position; shakes head; keep mouth tightly closed - s

40-52 weeks

Points or touches spoon or feeder’s hands - h

Sputters with tongue and lips; gives bottle or cup to feeder - s

first 1000 days of life

The period between conception until the child’s 2nd birthday.

• Considered as the period of rapid growth where nutrient deficiencies and poor health can have long-term consequences on the child.

• comprise 270 days of pregnancy, 365 days for the first year of life of the child, and another 365 days for the 2nd year of life.

ra 11148

the law will ensure care for pregnant women and their child, from the start of the pregnancy to the child’s first two years of life.

• This law will help scale up the nutrition support for mothers and children in the first 1,000 days of a child’s life, which is also known as the crucial window of opportunity to ensure that mothers and children in Philippines achieve their optimum development.

• The First 1,000 Days law will implement nutrition programs and support before, during, and after a mother gives birth; training for local health workers; and support for mothers to ensure her own and her child's health and nutrition.

120 and 110 kcal

Recommended allowance is ______per body weight (kg) for 0-6 and 7-12 months.

protein

The need for ____ is high because of rapid skeletal and muscle growth of early infancy

50% is used for growth in the first 2 months and declines to 11% at 2-3 years of age

human milk is a major source

fat

concentrated energy source to fuel infant’s rapid growth and development.

• Infants use __ to supply energy to the liver, brain, and muscles, including the heart. Young infants cannot tolerate fasting for long because it quickly uses up both carbohydrate and fat energy sources.

• Human milk, cow’s milk, and formulas provide approximately 50% of the energy as ___.

arginine

needed aside from the EAA

vitamin a

A healthy newborn is assumed to have adequate supply of ____ in the liver.

vitamin k

supplementation is given at birth as protection against hemorrhage.

breastmilk

____ provides the RDA for water soluble vitamins if the mother's intake is adequate.

b1 b2 b3

Requirements for _____change in relation to energy intake.

Substitute for breastfeeding

– when mother is unwilling, sick, or dies.

Wet nurse

– a lactating woman who breastfeeds an infant deprived of his own mother’s milk.

Cross-nursing

– mothers agreewith other nursing women to baby sit with breastfeeding.

artificial feeding

The infant is fed onformulafrom the bottle.

• Done when the mother is incapable of breastfeeding.

mixed feeding

Feeding infant partially from both the breast and the bottle.

Supplemental feeding

– bottlefeeding is substituted for breastfeeding. Usually used when mother is away part of the day during the feeding time.

Complemental feeding

– bottle is given after the breast to complete the feeding. Used when the mother does not have enough milk to satisfy the

40:50

casein and whey ratio in human milk

80:20

casein and whey ratio in cows milk

Casein

, the chief protein in milk and the essential ingredient of cheese. In pure form, it is an amorphous white solid, tasteless and odourless, while its commercial type is yellowish with a pleasing odor.

slow-digesting dairy protein that people often take as a supplement. It releases amino acids slowly, so people often take it before bed to help with recovery and reduce muscle breakdown while they sleep. Several studies have shown it helps boost muscle growth, along with a ton of other benefits.

similar caloric value

breastmilk and formula milk has

cows milk

more protein than human milk. Most of this protein is casein

human milk

has more whey

less calcium than cows milk but that calcium is more easily absorbed.

iron is better absorbed completely

available b1 and c

great vit a and e

fatty acids

in human milk are more medium chain and less saturated

lipase

in human milk contributes greatly to the hydrolysis of milk triglycerides.

colostrum

More protein, beta carotene, vitamin A – Less fat

– Higher sodium, potassium, chloride

– Contributes to immunity

Whey

protein is a mixture of proteins isolated from __, which is the liquid part of milk that separates during cheese production.

contains an incredible range of essential amino acids, which are absorbed quickly. Numerous studies show that it can help you increase strength, gain muscle and lose significant amounts of body fat

immunoglobulin

protect infant’s gut from infections.

lactoferrin

deprives bacteria of iron thus slowing their growth

peroxidase

weaken bacterial cell membrane

Lysozymes

: destroys cell membrances of bacteria

Lactobacillus bifidus

enhancedby breastmilk and interferes with growth of infections.

betaglobulin and albumin

common allergen from cow milk

oxytocin

Secretion of ____ during lactation causes uterine contractions and involution of uterus.

Prolactin

____ which stimulates milk production represses the synthesis of ovarian hormones.

drying

Immediate and thorough ____ up of the newborn for 30-60 seconds warms the newborn and stimulates breathing.

Early skin-to-skin contact

______ between newborn and mother and delayed washing for at least 6

cord clamping and cutting

Properly timed _______ prevents the newborn from having anemia and protects against anemia

Early initiation of breastfeeding

______ within the first hour after birth and continuous non-separation of the newborn from the mother to defend the newborn against infections.

20-30

If the mother and baby are physically able; first feeding is within an hour after birth; the sucking reflex is strongest ____ minutes after birth.

milk formula

A mixture of milk, water, and some of carbohydrates in appropriate proportions to meet the nutritional requirements of the infants.

• Designed to simulate human milk and is prepared in the most sterile manner possible to render itself safe to infants.

standard aseptic method

All equipment used are sterilized by steam or by boiling for 5 minutes

• Measure the required amount of sugar, milk, and water

• Mix the formula well and boil for 3 minutes, stirring constantly.

• Allow to cool and pour into sterilized bottles.

• Cool in running water.

terminal method

All equipment used are washed

• Formula is prepared and poured before

sterilizing the bottles

• Nipples are applied to the bottles and a cap or cover is placed over the nipple that will permit exposure of the nipple to the steam

• The filled up bottle is placed in the sterilizer to be boiled for 15-25 minutes

• After sterilization, the nipple cover is sealed tight and untouched until feeding time.

15-20

Baby should finish feeding in ____minutes; otherwise check holes of nipples if baby feeds too slow or too fast

6

an adequately fed baby should urinate __ a day

Colic

- characterized by acute abdominal pain from muscular spasms near the colon

Regurgitation

- expulsion of gastric contents

Overfeeding

- weight gain of an ounce or more per day; infant is disturbed and irritable in the first two hours after feeding

Underfeeding

- baby cries after feeding and has inadequate weight gain

Overdilution

- addition of more water to extend milk supply. May lead to undernutrition

Contamination

- formula is not sterilized properly

weaning

means to accustom to foods other than breastmilk or milk formula.

cereals

first solid food given to the baby; usually given at 6 months. Must be well cooked, well strained. Breastmilk or formula may be added to the cereal.

200 kcal

cf kcal 6-8 mos

300 kcal

cf complementary food 9-11 mos

550 kcal

cf calories 12<.mos