Studied by 25 people
Coenzymes
Enzymes that bind with other enzymes to help catalyse a reaction or help transfer molecules.
NAD
Coenzyme that can accept 1 proton/hydrogen and 2 electrons.
FAD
Coenzyme that can accept 2 protons/hydrogens and 2 electrons.
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Co-enzyme that transfers the 2 carbon acetate group, with chemical formula.
Glycolysis
First step of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Occurs in the cytoplasm, and produces pyruvate, 4x ATP and 2x reduced NAD.
Glucose diphosphate
Created when glucose is phosphorylated by 2 phosphate groups, requiring 2 ATP molecules. Done to make glucose less reactive and less likely to leave the cell.
Oxidation
The gain of oxygen, but the loss of electrons/hydrogens.
Reduction
The loss of oxygen, but the gain of electrons/hydrogens.
Pyruvate
Created by the removal of phosphate and oxidation via NAD of the two triose phosphate molecules.
Link reaction
The second step in aerobic respiration, where glycolysis is linked to the Krebs’ cycle.
2 carbon acetate group
Left behind after the decarboxylation and dehydrogenation in the link reaction.
Acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA)
Produced when coenzyme A combines with the 2 carbon acetate group, with chemical formula.
Krebs cycle
Third step of aerobic respiration. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and releases energy from carbon bonds. Produces 3x reduced NAD, 1x reduced FAD, 1x ATP, 2x CO2.
6 carbon compound
Intermediate in the Krebs cycle that is decarboxylated, and then dehydrogenated, making a reduced NAD.
5 carbon compound
Intermediate in the Krebs cycle that is decarboxylated, and dehydrogenated - making a reduced NAD. It also creates ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
4 carbon compound
Intermediate that is dehydrogenated twice, producing a reduced FAD and reduced NAD. It then combines with AcCoA.
Decarboxylase
Enzyme used in decarboxylation, removes CO"2 from the -COOH groups.
Dehydrogenase
Enzyme used in dehydrogenation.
Cytochromes
Proteins bonded to iron, allowing for redox reactions to occur.
Electron transport chain
Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membranes, and is where oxidative respiration occurs. Also known as the cytochrome chain.
Electron carrier
A respiratory enzyme which passes electrons along a chain over proton pumps.
Respiratory enzymes
Proteins that are used in the electron transport chain.
Proton pump
A respiratory enzyme which pumps protons into the intermembrane space, powered by electrons.
Protein complex
A respiratory enzyme which is associated with ATP synthetase, and used by protons to travel via chemiosmosis to the mitochondrial matrix.
Nanomachine
A term used to describe the protein complexes which are driven via proton movement. A nanometer sized machine.
3
Amount of proton pumps powered, and therefore ATP created, by reduced NAD.
2
Amount of proton pumps powered, and therefore ATP created, by reduced FAD.
Electrochemical
Gradient created by the movement of protons across the cristea.
Rotor and stalk
Parts of the protein complex which rotate when protons diffuse through.
Catalytic head
Where the ATP is formed in the protein complex.
Oxygen
Comes from the blood and collects the protons and electrons to form water, known as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, occurs by preventing proton gradients across cell membranes from forming.
Cyanide
Non-competitive inhibitor of oxygen, which prevents the removal of used protons and electrons. They then accumulate, destroying the proton gradient and preventing ATP synthesis. The cell dies quickly.
Chemiosmosis
The movement of molecules across an electro-chemical gradient.
Intermediates
Term used to describe the 3 molecules in the Krebs cycle, the 4, 5 and 6 carbon compounds.
Anaerobic
Type of respiration that occurs in the absense of oxygen, and only comprises of glycolysis and either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.
Lactic acid
Form of anaerobic respiration fermentation. Pyruvate accepts hydrogen to create lactate, which regenerates NAD. Happens in animal’s muscle cells during vigorous exercise.
Alcohol
Form of anaerobic respiration fermentation. Pyruvate is decarboxylased, forming ethanal, which accepts hydrogen from NAD. This makes ethanol.
Lactate
Formed during lactic acid fermentation by pyruvate accepting hydrogen. Once oxygen becomes avaliable, it is respired into water and carbon dioxide and has it’s energy released. A build up of this can cause muscle fatigue.
Ethanal
Created by the decarboxylation of pyruvate, and is reduced to ethanol.
Ethanol
Created by the reduction of ethanal. An irreversible product, which can accumulate and reach toxic concentrations.
38
Maximum number of ATP created during aerobic respiration.
30-32
Average number of ATP created during aerobic respiration, due to proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane, general molecule leakage and the ATP necessary to move pyruvate and NAD and FAD reduced.
2880kj
The amount of glucose created when combusted, therefore the theoretical available energy.
2
Amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration.
Lipid
Alternative respiratory pathway where glycerol and 3x fatty acids are converted to parts of the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. Used in tissues with a high blood supply, desert animals and when carbohydrates run out.
Glycerol
A constituent of lipid that is phosphorylated with ATP, dehydrogenated, and converted to triose phosphate.
Fatty acids
Three of these are consitituents of lipids. They are split into 2 carbon fragments that enter the Krebs cycle as AcCoA. The longer their hydrocarbon chain, the more ATP is made.
2 carbon fragments
Made from fatty acid chains and enter the Krebs cycle as AcCoA. The longer the fatty acid chain, the more carbon and hydrogen atoms, meaning more CO2, metabolic water and reduced NAD are produced.
Protein
Alternative respiratory pathway where carbon residue is used to replace pyruvate, AcCoA and other Krebs cycle intermediates. Only used once lipids and carbohydrates are fully used, such as during starvation. Mobilises tissue protein from the heart and the kidney.
Carbon residue
A constituent of protein that is converted to AcCoA, pyruvate or another Krebs cycle intermediate.
Intermembrane space - matrix
Movement of proteins through ATP synthetase in order to create ATP.
