Module 16

How did technology make exploration possible

• Advances in technology → astrolabe, compass, caravan

• Helped facilitate voyages

How did Portugal begin exploration

• First European country to establish trade routes in Africa

• Portugese explorer Vasco Da Gama opened trade routes in india which brought wealth

Who is Vasco Da Gama

• Portugese explorer who sailed from Portugal to Africa then India

• Opened trade routes from portugal → india

• brought significant wealth to portugal

Who is prince Henry

• Supported and encouraged exploration of new world, Africa, India

• Established navigation schools

How did Spain begin exploration

• Wanted sea routes to Asia to find a faster way to trade

• employed Christopher Colombus who found the new world

• Led colonization of America

What is the line of demarcation

• An imaginary line dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal

• Granted Spain the rights west of the line and Portugal rights to east.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Divided newly conquered land between Spain and Portugal

Who is Zheng He

• Chinese explorer who led seven great voyages to Africa and India

• Sailed huge treasure ships and brought great wealth to China

How did spain begin building an american empire

• Colombus reached new world

• Several voyages to carribbean

• King ferdinand and Isabella support voyages

Who is Ferdinand Magallen

• Portugese explorer

• Became first explorer to circumnavigate the world

• Died during exploration but crew finished voyage

How did Spanish conquests in Mexico and America begin

• Hernan cortes spanish explorer landed in mexico in search of land

• Cortes and conquistadors began establishing colonies in South america, mexico, america

How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztecs

• Invaded Tenochtitlan, captured Aztec emperor Montezuma ll

• Spanish disrupted Aztec trade and tributes → led to Aztec economy downfall

• Cortes defeated Aztecs w/ alliances w/ natives, advanced weaponry, and most importantly diseases

How did Francis Pizarro defeat the Incans

• Pizarro captures Incan emperor Atahualpha and crushes Incans

• Spaniards began to raid smaller incan cities for gold and silver

How did the Spanish conquer Americas

• Francis Pizarro conquers incan empire

• Spaniards conquered Maya

• created Spanish empire mexico, guatemala, central america

What was the Spanish pattern

• Spanish used technique called reconnquista where they forced their culture and reproduced with natives

• Opressed natives using labour system called encomienda

Encomienda

Labour system where Spanish forced labour upon conquered natives

Why did encomienda system get abolished

• Spanish gov abolished encomienda system due to resistance from natives + priests opposition to forced labour

• Sought after African slaves instead to make up for labour

New France

• French explorer Jaques Cartier began exploring North America

• French focused on fur trade and converting native americans

What is Jamestown

• Colony started by colonists from London

• Struggled at first but became successful due to tobacco

Who are the Pilgrims

• Founded plymouth, second colony of England

• Sought religious freedom from persecution

Who are the Puritans

• Another group that sought religious freedom

• Established colony in massachusetts bay

• Set example for other Christians

Who is Henry Hudson

• Englishmen employed by Netherlands

• Wanted to find sea route to Asia, but explored three water ways that became named after him

• Established fur trading posts

What started the French and Indian war

• English colonizers want more land, push west and interferes with French land

• Starts conflict, known as French and Indian war, a fight between the British and French

• The British defeat the french

What are causes of African Slavery

• Need for cheap labour for large plantations and farms

• Natives dying due to disease → need for new labour

What advantages did Europeans see in Africans as slaves

1. Already exposed to disease, wouldn’t die off easily

2. Already knew how to farm = able to learn plantation work

3. Africans don’t know their way around new land + dark skin is easy to spot

Atlantic Slave Trade

buying and selling of africans for work

Viceroy

a governor who rules a colony on behalf of a monarch.

Triangular trade

A system of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas for the exchange of goods and enslaved people.

2 types of triangular trade

1. Euros transport goods → Africa →traders exchange goods for slaves → slaves transported to America

2. Merchants carried gold from colonies → Africa = exchanged goods for Africans → transported to America → traded 4 goods → goods transported to England

What is the middle passage

voyage in Atlantic slave trade that brought africans to west indies + Africa

How did Africans resist slavery

• To cope, Africans kept aspects of their culture alive through music traditions and story telling

• To resist slavery → broke tools, worked slowly, tampered w/ crops

What were the consequences of slave trade

• Africans lost generations of fit memebers → wiped out entire bloodlines

• Slave trade introduced guns to africa led to instability in african societies

What benefits did slave trade bring to america

• Africans brought valuable knowledge to farming

• Labour contributed to american economy

• also brought their culture and traditions

What is the colombian exchange

transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, and ideas between the new world and old world

Transports from new → old world

• tomatoes, potatoes, corn, beans, tobacco, peppers

Transports from old → new world

• horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, grains, disease

Joint-stock companies

• business that is owned by several investors

• combonation of wealth

Subsidy

• financial support from government to encourage or sustain an industry or service.

Mercantilism

• Economic system that prioritizes nations wealth and accumulation of gold and silver

• Through trade and colonial expansion

• Goal to become self-sufficient

Favorable balance of trade

• Exports valued over imports to increase wealth