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Cardiac Muscle
Type of muscle that contains a single nucleus, is cylindrical and branched.
Skeletal Muscle
Type of muscle that takes 40% of body weight, is voluntary, and contains multiple nuclei.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscle that is widely distributed, mostly found in organs, and contains a single nucleus.
Autorhythmic
Refers to cardiac and smooth muscles that can generate their own rhythm.
Contractility
The ability of muscles to contract.
Excitability
The ability of muscles to respond to electrical stimuli.
Extensibility
The ability of muscles to stretch beyond their normal length.
Elasticity
The ability of muscles to return to their resting length.
Epimysium
The connective tissue that covers the whole muscle.
Perimysium
The connective tissue that divides muscles into bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles.
Endomysium
The connective tissue that provides pathways for vessels and nerves within muscles.
Motor Neuron
Neurons that extend from the brain and spine to muscles via nerves.
Myoblasts
Cells that create muscle tissue.
Sarcomere
The smallest contractile unit of muscle, made of myosin and actin myofilaments.
Myofibrils
Structures within muscle fibers formed by joining sarcomeres end-to-end.
Titin
The largest protein in the human body that allows muscles to stretch and recoil.
Ca2+ Release
The trigger for muscle contraction.
Motor-end Plate
The specialized region of the muscle fiber membrane at the neuromuscular junction.
Myosin Myofilaments
Thick filaments in muscle that bind to actin and contain ATPase enzymes.
Hypertrophy
The increase in the size of muscle cells, leading to greater muscle mass without an increase in number.
Electrical Component
Refers to electrical signals that stimulate muscle contraction and growth.
Mechanical Component
Involves physical forces and tension applied to muscles during resistance training.
Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane surrounding a muscle fiber.
Transverse Tubules
Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the muscle fiber.
Myofilaments
Filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin.
L-band
The light band in a sarcomere, primarily composed of actin.
A-band
The dark band in a sarcomere containing both actin and myosin.
M-lines
The middle line of a sarcomere that anchors myosin filaments.
H-zone
The lighter region in the A-band where only myosin is present.
Z-disk
The boundary structure of a sarcomere that anchors actin filaments.
G Actin
The monomeric form of actin.
F Actin
The polymer of G actin that forms thin filaments.
Synaptic Cleft
The gap between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber at a neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that transmits signals from motor neurons to muscle fibers.
Acetylcholinesterase
An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
Tropomyosin
A protein that blocks binding sites on actin filaments in a relaxed muscle.
Troponin
A protein complex that regulates muscle contraction by binding calcium ions.
Myosin Molecule
The thick filament protein that interacts with actin to produce muscle contraction.
Action Potential
A rapid electrical signal that travels along the muscle fiber membrane.
Axon Terminals
The endings of motor neurons that release neurotransmitters.
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