Kin selection
________: related, so still passing on some alleles.
Manipulative Experiment
________: higher power to detect differences, more control, more costly; you remove a top predator or mimic a natural occurring event in a lab or field.
Phenotype
________: physical expression of the interaction between genotype and environment.
hardy Weinburg equilibrium model
The ________ helps identify evolutionary forces over time (changes in alleles)
independent variable
The ________ is not manipulated by the researcher.
Ectotherms
________ rely mainly on external factors for body temps.
Replication
________ is having more than one experimental unit PER Treatment.
Eusocilaity
________: more complex, higher level sociality (Colonies of ants, wasps, bees, termites)
Females
________ are developed from fertilized eggs and are diploid (two allele M and F)
Endotherms
________ heavily relay on internal energy for body temp regulation.
Data
________ is subject to analysis but usually no correlation analysis.
Darwin
Evolution was credited to ________ and Mendel.
Insecticide
________ only kills off the ones who it works on; leaving the bugs left over to breed with those alleles which are suited for it.
Torpor
________: Lower metabolic rate and body temp for a short period of time (Can reduce metabolic rate sigficatly usually just over night tho)
Fitness
________: the number of viable offspring contributed by an individual to future generations.
Hibernation
________: reduced metabolic rate for months in the winter (cold temps)
Population genetics
________: is important in the study of: Evolution, conservation ecology, ecotoxicology.
Microclimates
________ (small- scale weather variation measured in a shorter time period) interact with the local landscape to produce microclimatic variation.
nutrients
Interactions with their environments: temp, water, ________, energy.
Thermal neutral zone
________: range of environmental temps.
Pseudoscience
________: False- Science (can not attempted to be refuted or falsified)
Obervational
________ (Natural): Take advantage of natural events or natural differences.
Sample size
________= of experimental units per treatment (Tanks of fish)
Mate
________ choice, or competition for ________, can result in selection for particular traits.
Homeostasis
________ can be costly if it involves maintaining body temp when the environmental temp outside the thermal neutral zone.
Overproduction
________ makes it hard for offspring to survive creating good offspring to reproduce, individuals with with best suited traits will leave more viable offspring.
Sexual selection
________: Differences in reproductive rates among individuals through differences in mating success.
Greater replication
________: closer to true average, greater power to detect differences.
Random generation of genetic variability
________ leads to differential reproductive success (better fit)
Definition of Science
________: a system of acquiring knowledge; or, the knowledge itself.
Correlation
________ does NOT equal causation.
Origin of species
Darwin: wrote the ________ by means of Natural Selection (1859)
Estivation
________: Reduced metabolic rate for months in the summer (warm temps)
allele frequencies
Evolution: changes in ________ over time.
Intersexual selection
________: one sex chooses mates (opposite sex) based on particualar traits.
sub species
Isolated populations are more likely to diverge into a(n) ________ or a totally new species.
Hyp Ha
________: A tentative statement about nature, the purpose of which is to suggest experiments (a ‘ best guess) Null Hyp H0: There is no significant relationship between observation and hyp.
Kin selection
________ appears to play a key role in the evolution of eusociality.
Natural selection
________: organisms can change over generations if individuals with certain hertiable traits leave more offspring than others.
Definition of Science
a system of acquiring knowledge; or, the knowledge itself
Pseudoscience
False-Science (can not attempted to be refuted or falsified)
Obervational (Natural)
Take advantage of natural events or natural differences
Manipulative Experiment
higher power to detect differences, more control, more costly; you remove a top predator or mimic a natural occurring event in a lab or field
Result of a Quasi-Experiment
Researcher is limited in what he/she can say
Dependent Variable
What is measured
Independent Variable
This is what is manipulated; or the effects of which you wish to determine
Confounding Variable
A variable other than your independent variable, that effects your dependent variable
Thermal neutral zone
range of environmental temps
Torpor
Lower metabolic rate and body temp for a short period of time (Can reduce metabolic rate sigficatly usually just over night tho)
Hibernation
reduced metabolic rate for months in the winter (cold temps)
Estivation
Reduced metabolic rate for months in the summer (warm temps)
Fitness
the number of viable offspring contributed by an individual to future generations
Intrasexual selection
individuals of the smae sex fighting over a mate (competing)
Intersexual selection
one sex chooses mates (opposite sex) based on particualar traits
Eusocilaity
more complex, higher level sociality (Colonies of ants, wasps, bees, termites)
Caste
groups of physically distinct members with different roles
Darwin
wrote the Origin of species by means of Natural Selection (1859)
Natural selection
organisms can change over generations if individuals with certain hertiable traits leave more offspring than others
Two key observations of Natural selection
over production and variance
Evolution
changes in allele frequencies over time
Bottle Neck
By chance, certain alleles may be over or under represented among survivors, usually reduces genetic diversity, can be caused by habitat fragmentation.
Founder Effect
Genetic drift in a new colony, Founder population has different allele frequencies than source pop. (by random chance)
BACI Experiment Design
Before, After, Control, Impact. Allows you to take into account; differences among sites at the start, environmental changes over time
Migration
Transfer of alleles into or out of a pop. (Random), Movement of individuals among population, Increase or decrease of genetic diversity
Substitution
(or replacement) of nucleotide
Observational (Natural) Experiment:
Take advantage of natural events or natural differences for a study
Manipulative Experiment:
higher power to detect differences, more control, more costly; you remove a top predator or mimic a natural occurring event in a lab or field (you do the change)
Descriptive Scientific Method
Observational methods oldest
Explanations may come from myth, religion
No testable hypothesis
Inductive Scientific Method
No testable hypothesis, Data is subject to analysis
Control
A treatment against which one or more other treatments can be compared.
Identical except does not receive the manipulation under investigation
Randomization
Process of randomly allocating treatments and controls to experimental units
OR randomly selecting samples from the population of interest
Elements of a good experimental design
Control
Replication (sample size)
Randomization
Bias
A systematic error that can involve favoring of something or an outcome
Quasi-Experiments
(one or more key components missing)
Money
Logistics; rare animals, transportation issues
Ethical problems; what is it going to do to humans or animals
The independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher
Treatment and control groups might not be randomized
May lack a true control
Result of a Quasi-Experiment: Researcher is limited in what he/she can say
Counter current Exchange in Mammals
flesh furthest away from the heart starts to get colder first
Blood moves in opposite directions arteries away from the heart (warm blood) veins move blood to the heart (Cold blood)
With the current moving in the opposite directions it creates a heat exchange
(arteries carry blood away from the heart)
Counter current Exchange in fish
Oxygen and cold water moves through the gills
The viens transport warm blood to the muscles for energy and the artires carry cold blood to the heart creating counter current exchange
(arteries carry blood to the heart)
Asexual Reproduction
Only one parent; no meiosis, no fertilization
Bacteria, some fungi, some plants, starfish, water fleas
Less energy is required compared to reg. Mating
Rapid colonization and more offspring
One major flaw in asexual reproduction is the lack of genetic diversity
Sexual Reproduction
Fusion of distinct male and females gametes to produce a zygote
Mammals, birds, some plants, many invertebrates
Advantages: genetic diversity
Disadvantages: Costly (production of flowers, gonads, elaborate displays)
Sequential hermaphrodites
an organism that starts out one sex then later in life converts into the other sex
Cooperative Breeders
Members of groups may have reduced mating opportunities
Non-breeders cooperate in rearing others’ offspring
Haplodiploidy (Honey Bees)
Males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid (only one allele F)
Females are developed from fertilized eggs and are diploid (two alleles M & F)
Queen can choose whether the egg she lays is fertilized or not; creating males and females
Evolutionary, it is better for a daughter to help rear he sisters because they are 75% related