ap world 1-3 units

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

Medici

aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Donetello

Was an Italian sculptor of Renaissance times who lived from 1386 to 1466. He sought to create statues of natural poses that reflected the actual working of human muscles, rather than the awkward rigid postures of medieval times.

Johannes Gutenburg

Invented the printing press

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

indulgences

pardon sold by the catholic church to reduce one's punishment in purgatory

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule.

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Lutherans

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Calvinism

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.

King Henry Vlll

broke from church and made a new church called the Anglican Church for personal reasons such as wanting a divorce but the Pope didn't allow him

Church of England (Anglican Church)

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Sir Isaac Newton

British scientist that developed the three laws of motion

Atheists

A person who denies the existence of God

King Ferdinand

King of Spain who agreed to finance Christopher Columbus's expedition to the Americas in 1492

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Decree of Alhambra

the expulsion edict of the Jews

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Elizabethan Age

A golden age of English history when Elizabeth I was queen

Muscovy Company

English company that monopolized trade routes to Russia

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

petition of right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Long Parliament

Parliament convened by Charles I in 1640; lasted on and off for 20 years; passed laws that limited power of monarchy

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

English Commonwealth

period in English history where the nation had no monarch; began w/ execution of Charles I and ended w/ restoration of Charles II; led by Oliver Cromwell

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

middle ages

The time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

Reformation

A movement for religious reform

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Lord Protector

Oliver Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

Stuart Restoration

reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended England's troubles.

Habeas Corpus act

This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Hugenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

Edict of Names

Granted religious freedom in most of France

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Cardinal Mazarin

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Imperial portraits

Helped solidify the authority of the ruling Manchus

Kangxi and Qianlong

Confucian scholars; supported the arts, expanded empire by conquering Taiwan and extended empire into Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet.

Qing warriors

A group from Manchuria who was invited by the Ming emperor to help quell a peasant uprising, but instead ousted the emperor

Manchus

ruled china until 1911

Zheng He

A Chinese navigator, led fleets throughout Southeast Asia and the Indian ocean all the way to East Asia a century before Europeans did the same. Had the Chinese continue to explore and trade.

Queen Nzinga

Fiercely resisted Portuguese attempt in forcing their authority and control. Studied European military tactics and made alliances with Portugal's Dutch rivals. Despite her efforts, they got taken over.

Angola

starting 1575 for the sole purpose of expanding their trade in enslaved people; Portuguese trading post

Kongo

Major Portuguese trading post on the west coast of Africa

King Alfonso I

First king of Portugal; good at converting his people to Catholicism

Asanti

Empire that rose in 1670; adjacent to Songhai Kingdom; Had a highly organized military; had lots of money due to gold trade

shah jahan

Akbar's grandson; Built Taj mahal

timars

tracts of land

devshirme

a practice in which Ottomans enslaved christian boys and turned them into fighting warriors called janissaries

Suleiman I

rose to power and built up the Ottoman military; actively encouraged the development in the arts; Ottomans experienced a golden age under his reign

Babur

Claimed he was a descendant of Genghis Khan but was very much muslim, invaded northern India and swiftly defeated the Delhi Sultanate

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia; He built russia's first navy

Catherine the Great

Westernized Russia; she fiercely enforced repressive serfdom and limited growth of the merchant class

Michael Romanov

was elected czar by the feudal lords; Romanov dynasty added stability to the empire; ruled until 1917

Ivan the terrible

strong leader; absolute power; by the 1560s, he ruled under a reign of terror, regularly executing anyone whom he perceived as a threat/ even his own son

Cossacks

peasant soldiers (russian)