[dynamic development] Zambia

[ https://padlet.com/Harris2024/hasu-y11-revision-padlet-h5gnvs3y9avkt9oo + https://www.roomtoread.org/countries/zambia/

Zambia

An LIDC located in the south of Africa, north of Zimbabwe and west to the Indian Ocean.

Factors slowing Zambia's development:

• limited investment capital

• a legacy of authoritarian leadership

• poor infrastructure

• corruption

• disease (HIV & AID breakout)

Transnational Corporation (TNC)

Transnational Companies are organisations that operate around the world but usually have their headquarters in ACs.

Associated British Foods (ABF)

A food processing company. In 2001, ABF bought Zambia Sugar. The sugar plantations cover the equivalent of 2x London.

Zambia Sugar

An agriculture company, the largest sugar-manufacturing company in Zambia.

Advantages of ABF in Zambia:

• Zambia Sugar employs 1848 permanent employees and 3530 seasonal employees

• 187M USD made in operating profits which can be invested into infrastructure benefiting locals

Disadvantages of ABF in Zambia:

• paid almost no tax to Zambia from 2008-2013 resulting in the Zambian government losing over $17.7 million in tax revenues

• TNCs dominate and make it hard for smaller, local companies to compete.

Dam

A barrier that stops/restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams.

Kariba Dam

• the construction was a joint project between Zambia, Zimbabwe's governments

• construction began in 1955

• the dam cost $480 million

• this is one of the largest dams in the world and behind it is Lake Kariba.

Environmental Impacts of Kariba Dam

• Natural flooding no longer occurs downstream leading to loss of natural ecosystems (D)

• Hydro-electric power is a renewable form of energy (A)

Social Impacts of Kariba Dam

• Communities north and South of Lake Kariba are cut off from each other with some not having any electricity at all (D)

Economic Impacts of Kariba Dam

The Kariba Dam created one of the worlds largest artificial lakes behind the concrete wall. This created opportunities for such things as:

• fishing

• water sports

• providing irrigation for farmlands

• dam brings in tourism

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of today without negatively affecting the needs of people in the future.

Top-Down Aid

Bottom-Up Aid

Bi-lateral Aid

The process of one country giving money to another.

Multi-lateral Aid

When more than one country gives aid to another country.

Room to Read (in Zambia)

A charity (bottom-up) collaborates with the government to support Literacy and Girls' Education Programs, which advocates for:

• early grade education

• assists with national curriculum and policy

• works to prevent child marriages.

Challenges in Girls' Education

The female literacy rate in Zambia is around 12 percent lower than the male literacy rate. This is due to:

• early marriage

• teen pregnancy

• sexual harassment

• child labour

• gender-biased school structures.

RTR's team proposed the idea and collaborated with the government of Zambia + UNICEF to host the 3rd National Literacy Symposium in March of 2014, which produced recommendations that the Zambian government plans to implement broadly:

• requiring libraries in primary schools

• adding library management to the government's teacher training curriculum

• introducing library periods at primary schools

• providing an allowance for school librarians

Summit to End Child Marriage

In addition to working directly with girls and families to prevent early marriages, RTR also help challenge social norms governing girls' education and marriage. In 2015, RTR participated in the first African Union summit on ending child marriage, held in Zambia.