Stages of Motor Control Exam 2

Cognitive

Associative

Autonomous

3 stages of Fitt’s and Posner’s Theory in order

cognitive stage

What stage of Fitts and Posner Model would you most likely see basic movement pattern development, understanding task demands, identifying strategies, high degree of attention, and verbal motor stage (swlf-talk)

cognitive stage

Which stage of Fitt’s and Posner’s Theory involves the development of the basic movement pattern?

associative stage

which stage of Fitt’s and Posner’s Theory is characterized by the refinement of the movement pattern

autonomous stage

In the Fitts and Posner model, which stage is characterized by virtually automatic movement performance?

The level of attention required decreases as the number of practice trials increases.

How does the level of attention required change as a learner moves through the stages of learning?

Appropriate strategies for the task

During the cognitive stage of the Fitts and Posner model, what is the learner primarily identifying?

The verbal motor stage

What term did Adams use to describe the cognitive stage because of its reliance on instruction and self talk?

The associative stage

in which stage of learning does performance variability begin to decline?

Learner can detect and correct some errors, but many still go undetected

what is a characteristic of error detection in the associative stage

the motor stage

what term did Adams use for the associative stage noting that verbal aspects of control have dropped out

Months or years of practice

according to Fitts and Posner, how long does it typically take to reach the autonomous stage?

The skill is fast and not attention demanding allowing it to run in parallel with other task

How does the autonomous stage allow a performer to handle multiple task simultaneously?

controlling degrees of freedom

what is the primary emphasis of the Bernstein three stage model?

Novice

Advanced

Expert

List the three stages of the Bernstein model of motor learning

Movement is simplified, inefficient, and inflexible

in the novel stage of Bernstein's model, how is movement characterized

they’re released

in Bernstein's model, what occurs to the degrees of freedom during the advanced stage

co-contraction disappears and evolves into a clear pattern of agonist action without antagonistic activity

identify the change in muscle co-contraction during Bernstein's advanced stage

There is a gradual reduction in the participation of synergistic muscles

what happens to synergistic muscle participation at a joint during the advanced stage of learning?

All degrees of freedom are released

describe the status of degrees of freedom in Bernstein's expert stage

By increasing speed while decreasing energy cost

how does an expert utilize mechanical advantage in motor performance?

Task dynamics

Fixation/diversification

name the two stages of Gentile’s model of motor learning

To understand the task and its environmental requirements

what is the learner's primary goal during Gentile’s task dynamics stage

irrelevant

In Gentile’s task dynamics stage, the learner must distinguish between regulatory features and ______ features of the environment

fixation

In Gentile’s model, which late practice strategy is applied to closed skills

To achieve consistency of performance with decreased variability

what is the goal of the fixation stage for closed skills?

Diversification

In Gentile’s model, which late practice strategy is applied to open skills

To develop the capacity to adjust performance to varying environmental demands

what is the goal of the diversification stage for open skills

A method where a learner performs the task without making any errors

in the context of motor learning, what is errorless learning?

Retention and transfer may be poorer

what is a potential disadvantage of errorless learning despite quicker acquisition?

error augmented learning

an approach that suggests enhancing an error to help the learner correct it

cerebellum

which brain structure plays a key role in comparing intended movement with sensory feedback

anterior spinocerebellar tract

in the circuitry of error based learning, which tract carries the efference copy to the cerebellum

posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

which tracts carry sensory feedback (reafference) from muscles and skin to the cerebellum

1=2 X 3

In the error signal logic, if 1 is Intended, 2 is Efference Copy, and 3 is Feedback, what equation represents an error?

Muscle spindles

golgi tendon organs

Cutaneous receptors

From which 3 types of receptors does the cerebellum receive sensory feedback for error correction?

Step length asymmetry, favoring the stronger leg with a longer step length on that side.

what gait asymmetry is commonly observed in individuals following a stroke

To use error augmentation to reduce gait asymmetries by changing belt speeds.

What is the purpose of split-belt treadmill training for chronic stroke patients?

cerebellum

Which specific brain region is essential for interlimb coordination during split-belt treadmill training?

cognitive

In Fitts and Posner's model, identifying which strategies don't work and which do is a feature of the ______ stage.

number of practice trials

Progression in the Associative Stage is primarily dependent on what factor?

True

• low attention demands

• parallel processing

• capacity to strategize

True or False: In the Autonomous Stage, a hockey player can strategize while simultaneously passing and skating.

It progresses from block rotation to inter-segmental rotation.

How does trunk rotation evolve in the Advanced stage of Bernstein's model?

A skill performed under unchanging, environmental conditions

In gentile’s model, what defines a closed skill

Adjusting gait between tile, carpet, tall grass, or a trail

given an example of diversification in walking

They settle for the first 'successful' strategy encountered because they are shielded from errors.

Why might a learner choose a non-optimal strategy during Errorless Learning?

A duplicate of the motor command sent to the cerebellum for comparison with sensory feedback.

in error based learning, what is the efference copy?

sensory feedback resulting from the learners own movement

what does reafference refer to in the motor control circuitry