Bio 225 Lecture Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and relationships to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of body; how body parts work to carry out life sustaining activities

Anatomical Variability

Gross anatomy (macroscopic)

study of body structures visible to the naked eye.

Palpate study of anatomy means to

feeling organs with your hands

Ausculate study of anatomy means to

listen to organs with a stethoscope

Renal physiology

study of the kidney

Neurophysiology

study of the functions of the nervous systemand its role in coordinating bodily functions.

Cardiovascular physiology

study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels

Anatomy and physiology are inseperable

• function always reflects structure

• what a structure can do depends on its specific form

• known as the principle of complemenarity of structure and function

LECTURE NOTES

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Cells

Cells are the structural units of all living things

How many cells does the human body have?

50-100 trillion

Cell Theory

Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, and that cells arise from pre-existing cells. and they are the smallest unit of life

Cells look different to perform different functions

Plasma Membrane

flexible outer boundary of human cell

know what these do for understanding

Extracellular Materials

body fluids; interstitial fluid. Cells are submersed in interstitial fluid.

Blood plasma is fluid of the blood

Cerebrospinal fluid: fluid surrounidng the nervous system

Extracellular matrix-substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

plasma membrane

acts as an active barrier separating ICF from ECF, helps controls what enters and what leaves the cell aka “cell membrane”

Top 4 biomolecules in human body

lipids

proteins

carbs

nucleic acid

fluid mosaic model

moving membrane made of many pieces

Bilayer of phospholipids with smaller amounts of cholesterol

Surface sugars form

glycolayx

Membrane sturctures help hold cells together thorugh

cell junctions

lipid bilayer is made up of phospholipds

two parts- hydrophilic and hydophobic

hydophilic- water loving- polar- charged

hydrophobic-water -hating- nonpolar-water-hating

Lipids have how much cholesterol?

20%

Two types of proteins

Integral proteins

Peripheral Proteins

Integral proteints

• Inserted into membrane; most are transmembrane proteins (span membrane)

• Have both hydrophobic region that interact with lipid tails and hydrophilic regions that interact with water inside and outside the cell

• Function as:

  • Transport proteins (channels and carriers)

  • Enzymes

    • Receptors

Peripheral proteins

• Loosely attached to integral proteins or anchored to the membrane

• Function as:

  • Enzymes

  • Motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contractions

    • Cell-to-cell connections

a. transport prteins- allow cells to control which substances enter or exit the cell

b. receptors for signal transduction- allow a cell to receive information from other cells

c.Enzymatic activity enzymes- in the membrane allow cells to transform one substance into another

d.Cell-cell recognition- some proteins in the membrane of adjacent cells allows them to recognize each other through direct physical contact

glycoproteins

proteins bonded to short chains of sugars which help to make up the glycoalyx- serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (E C M)

Some membrane proteins anchor elements of the cytoskeleton (cell’s internal framework) and the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell).

• Helps maintain cell shape, fixes the location of certain membrane proteins, and plays a role in cell movement.

Glycocalyx

• The glycocalyx consists of sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface

  • Some sugars are attached to lipids (glycolipids) and some to proteins (glycoproteins)

• Every cell type has different patterns of this “sugar coating”

  • Functions as specific biological markers for cell-to-cell recognition

Allows immune system to recognize “self” versus. “nonself”

Plasma Membrane check text book

3 types of Intercellular junctions

Tight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

Tight junctions

impermeable junction digestive system example

Desmosomes

allows for some strech and give - anchoring junctions - helps keep cells from tearing apart will be seen on skin and in muscle - the plasma membrane are called plaques

Gap Junction

cardiac muscle example - transmembrane proteins connexons- typically found in GI tract- form tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

Passive Transport

no energy is required

Acitve Transport

Energy(ATP) is required

What is Diffusion? Concentration example of multiple dots to move down to less dots in reference to

Natural movement of molecules form areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Three types of passive transport

Simple Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis. ALL involve diffusion

What

Concentration

the greater the difference of concentration between two areas, the faster diffusion occurs

Molecular size

smaller molecules diffuse faster

TRUE OR FALSE - higher temps increase kinetic energy which results in faster diffusion

true

Simple Diffusion

Molecule diffuses through plasma membrane thourgh the lipid bilayer! They have to to lippid soluable

high concentration on the outside, low on the inside

hypoglycimic example sugar moves into digestive tract can not get into cell to make ATP for energy until it passes through the plasma membrane to the carriers

*Trying to understand this process*

Osmosis

movement of water through a selective permeable membrane

Osmosis travels through specific water channels called

aquaporins

Osmosis

Osmolarity

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

Hydrostataic Pressure

• he back pressure exerted by water against the cell wall

Osmotic pressure

• the tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis

isotonic- same osmolarity inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged

hypertonic solution- higher osmolarity than inside so water flows out of the cell resulting in cell shrinking this shrinking is referred to crenation

Hypotonic solution- lower osmolarity than inside the cell so water flows into the cell, resulting in cell swelling this can lead to cell bursting referred to lysing

red blood cells in glass of water, what will happen?

BURST like hypotonic and lysing

saline is more like the fluid in our blood that is why we give people saline and not water

fun fact

Primary Active Transport

• Energy to do work comes directly from hydrolysis of A T P by transport proteins called pumps

Energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes change in shape of transport protein, which causes solutes (ions) bound to protein to be pumped across membrane

Secondary Active transport indirect

• Energy stored in concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport pumps

Always move more than one substance at a time using a cotransport protein

Sodium-potassium pump

-most studied pump

this pump protein is an enzyme

3 Na+ out the cell and 2 K+ into the cell 3 sodium out to bring in 2 potassium

undertand this the “NA*-K* Pump

Antiporters

transport one substance into cell while transporting a different substance out of cell shuffling solutes in opposite directions

Shymporters

transport two difference substances in the same direction shuffling solutes in same direction

Endocytosis falls under Vesicular transport moving substances across in membrane sacs called vesicles

transport into the cell example: Eating we need to endocytosis the cell to enter and then exocytosis to transport out of cell pushed into blood stream

Ion dominates outside of cell

SodiumI

Ion dominates inside of cell

Potassium

Inside of our cell has what kind of charge?

More negative on the inside - outside is more positive. because of this our membrane is polarized.

Plasma membrane - positive outside, negative inside = polarized

The resting membrane potential for most cells is

-90 mV

How is the RMP established?

By potasstium exits the cell, and back into the cell . This is where -90mV comes

48a ID processes, 48b Describe process, 49a, 49b

Know the image on figure 3.13 and the others listed

Cilia and Flagella

aid in the movement of the cell or of materials across the surface of the cell cilia- hair like projections with microvilli -fingerlike projections , flagella has a tail like a sperm cell

Purpose of microvilli?

Increase surface area and allow things to pass

Cells- tissues-organs-organ systems

Epithileal Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscles Tissue

Nervous Tissue

4 basic tissues type

All of our epithelial tissue will form a “sheet” They will cover or line the body- or they will fold to produce glands

Two main categories of epethilial - coverings, linings, glands,

Apical surface of epithelial tissue

Outside exposed to surface

Basal Surface

faces inwards toward body - of epithelial tissueE

Epithelial tissues have two polartiys

Apical surface

Basal surface

Lateral Contacts for Epithelial Tissues

Tight junctions, Desmosomes

FIVE distinguishing characterists of Eppithelial tissue

Polarity

Specialized Contacts

Supported By Connective Tissue

Avascular but innervated

Regeneration

What can hint at an apical surface?

Microvilli

Basement tissue

Basal lamina and Reticular lamina

Avascular

No Blood supply going into the epithelial tissue

All epithelial tissues have two names

First name : Layers

Simple- once single cell layer or Stratified- multiple layers of cells

Second name: Shape

Squamous- flattened and scale-like

Cuboidal- Box-like, cube

Columnar - tall column/like

in a stratified ephitelia tissue each cell shape can vary so the cell shape will be based off which layer?

apical layer

Simple Epithelia

involved in absorption, secretion or filtration

Simple squamous epithelium

Two specificic types:

Endothelium: lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart

Mesothelim: serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

DNA - RNA- ?

Proteins

Simple Cubodial Epithelium

invovled in Secretion and Absoption forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Some will have cilia, some will have microvilli

some layers secret mucas which is called goblet cells they secret mucus

Involved in absorptions and secretion of mucas, enzymes, and other substances

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

Cells that “falseley” look stratified but are single layered- simple epithelium

involved in secretion, particularly of mucas, also in movement of mucas via cillary sweeping action

stratified squamous epitheium

located in an area that is more durable- kertinized cells found in skin; nonkertaized cells are found in moist linings

Free surface is squamous with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers

Gland

one or more cells that make and secret an aqueous fluid called a secretion

How is a gland classified?

Site and Number of Cells

Endocirne glands

produce hormones/ release into the blood stream

Exocrine glands

secrete Products onto the body surfaces or into body cavities

Number of cells forming the gland

unicelluar (goblet) or Multicellular ( saliva)

Simple Duct structure

does not branch! only one duct

Compound duct structure

duct branches Me

Merocrine glands

secrete by exocytosis; most common type- sweat glands, digestive tracts, pancreas

Holocrine glands

sebaceous oil glands- release oil by all cells rupturing, cell break apart and fill up pore, clogging pores and infected which is causing acne