AP WORLD POOP

Based on the passage, which of the statements concerning the trading city of Hangzhou is most accurate?

Based on the passage, which of the statements concerning the trading city of Hangzhou is most accurate?

Hangzhou was a vital trading city because it had foreign merchants and was also accessible by the Grand Canal for internal trade.

What development, which began before the passage above was written, allowed Europeans to obtain the products of East Asia?

Chinese dynasties, such as the Tang and the Song, grew stronger, so long-distance trade could be conducted with less risk.

What products would Indians and other non-Chinese merchants be most likely to purchase in a market such as the one described in the passage?

silk, porcelain, and tea

Explain ONE historical situation from c. 1200—c. 1450 in which

states in Asia attempted to limit Chinese political power or cultural influence.

One historical situation from 1200 to 1450 in which states in Asia attempted to limit Chinese cultural influence can be found when sinification occurred. Sinification was the process by which non-Chinese empires fell under the influence of Chinese culture and Japan in particular was a state in Asia that tried to limit China's cultural influence within their own society. Specifically Japanese aristocrats tried to reduce the cultural influence China had and this can be seen in how there was not a scholar-gentry class that formed. As Japan tried to distance itself from China's influence, new cultural traditions formed such as the importance of Shintoism, a religion originating in Japan.

Describe ONE way the spread of Buddhism led Chinese culture to change during the period. 1200—c.1450

One way the spread of Buddhism led Chinese culture to change during the period can be seen in the Confucian scholar and scholar gentry class. Before the spread of Buddhism into China, many Confucian scholars were not open to new ideas in the Confucian belief but once Buddhism became commonly practiced in Chinese culture, Confucian scholars were open to accepting and adopting common Buddhist teachings.

Describe ONE example of Chinese culture tradition that withstood the spread of Buddhism during the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One example of Chinese cultural tradition that withstood the spread of Buddhism was the idea of familial duty. The Buddhist teachings did not emphasize the importance of patriarchal duties within the family, and even as Buddhist teachings were commonly practiced throughout China, the belief that the family was the central part of society did not change in importance.

Explain ONE example of how the spread of Buddhism influenced Confucianism during the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One example of how the spread of Buddhism influenced Confucianism can be found in the following of Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism combined the teachings of Buddhism, Daoism and Confuciansim. As the spread of Buddhism increased in Asia, Confucian teachings adopted new ideas inspired by Buddhism. After Buddhism increased in practice, it influenced Confucianism in the teachings and practices.

In one to three paragraphs, explain how developments in China and

other parts of East Asia between c. 1200 and c. 1450 reflect continuity, innovation and diversity.

The developments that took place in China and East Asia between 1200 to 1450 reflect continuity, innovation and diversity in that societies were beginning to form in their own unique ways. China, for example, was an Asian society that made many cultural contributions to other societies, notably by the spread of Buddhism and in trade. Silk, porcelain and tea were common goods bought from China that reflect the innovation occurring in the economic sector.

Continuity can also be seen in the common practices of Confucianism. Even as the spread of Buddhism grew stronger, Confucian ideals were still followed devoutly. The idea of a patriarchal system within the family is still practiced in many East Asian cultures as they have been followed for centuries.

Lastly, diversity can be seen in Japan's cultural separation from China, as the spread of Chinese society began to heavily influence Japanese culture, and as a result sinification occurred. Japan, wanting to retain their own identity separate from China began to develop new rituals and practices that distinguished them as their own. As each society began to form in their own unique ways, culture flourished with diversity, innovation and continuity.

Song Dynasty

Dynasty that replaced the Tang in the year 960. They ruled for more than three centuries but ultimately lost control of northern lands to invading pastoralists who eventually set up the Jin Empire. The Song Dynasty was prosperous and the arts flourished during this time.

Grand Canal

The Grand Canal was an inexpensive and efficient waterway transportation system that spanned. over 30,000 miles and enabled China to become the global leader in trade under the Song Dynasty

Champa Rice

Champa Rice was a fast-ripening and drought-resistant rice from present-day Vietnam. The crop greatly expanded the agricultural production in China and spread to places where rice once was unable to grow.

Tributary System

The Tributary System was a way in which other states were forced to pay money or send in goods to honor the Chinese emperor. It was a source of income for the government and it demonstrated foreign country's respect for the emperor

Kowtow

The Kowtow was a ritual in which a person greeting the emperor had to bow his or her head until it reached the floor.t

Scholar Gentry

The Scholar Gentry was a social class in China that were educated in Confucian philosophy and who eventually became the most influential class in China

Foot Binding

The process of wrapping a young girl's feet tightly so that the bones did not develop naturally. It restricted a woman's activities.

Zen Buddhism

Zen Buddhism or Chan Buddhism was the combination of Buddhist and Daoist teachings that emphasized the direct experience and meditation

Filial Piety

Filial Piety is the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to the male head of the family and to their emperor or ruler. It was a popular Confucian idea that was important to the Song Dynasty's culture

Neo-Confucianism

Neo-Confucianism was a system that combined rational thought with abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. It emphasized ethics

Sinification

Sinification is the term used to describe the spread of Chinese culture

Which trait of Islamic rule described in this passage was also evident in Islamic rule in al-Andalus

the toleration of other religions by Muslims in conquered territory

Describe ONE way that religious syncretism appeared in Dar al-lslam in the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One way that religious syncretism appeared in Dar al-Islam during the period 1200-1450 can be found in the tolerance of other faiths. In most empires previously, only one religion was followed and it was rare to find a general tolerance of faiths. In Dar al-Islam, Muslims, Christians and Jews were able to follow their faith openly without facing persecution.

Explain ONE way in which the behavior of the Sufis demonstrates a difference within the practice of Islam in the periodc. 1200—c.

1450.

One way in which the behavior of the Sufis demonstrates a difference within the practice of Islam was that sufis were never actively out practicing their faith but Muslims were devoted to praying in public.

Explain ONE possible outcome of Christians and Muslims living in close proximity in the period c. 1200—c. 1450

One possible outcome of Christians and Muslims living in close proximity could be the religious influence they had on each other. In living in the same city, Christians and Muslims could influence religious teachings and beliefs and expand on ideas

Describe ONE way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of women in China during the period c. 1200—c. 1450

One way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of China was that women under Islam were able to initiate divorce whereas women in China were not allowed to divorce.

Explain ONE way in which the Umayyad rulers in Cordoba were successful during the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One way in which the Umayyad rulers in Cordoba were successful was that they practiced a tolerance among religions. As a result, intellectual and other advancements were able to be made because of the different faiths working together.

Explain ONE way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalus during the period c. 1200—c. 1450

One way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalus can be found when Islamic scholars influenced Jewish scholars' work. As Islam blended with other cultures in al-Andalus, theology was able to be influenced by famous scholars such as Nasir al Din al-Tusi.

In one to three paragraphs, explain how Islamic states arose and how major religious systems shaped society in the periods between c. 1200 andc. 1450

Islamic states arose when they began conquests and eventually expanded their empire to places as far as Spain. Through this expansion of culture, Islam was able to arise to prominence through several factors including their religious tolerance, quest for knowledge and openness to other culture's products.

al-Andalus was the center for religious tolerance, as Chirsiians, Jews and Muslims lived in close proximity. In their religious tolerance, scholars were influenced by thinkers of other faiths as ideas were able to be expanded upon. The religious tolerance also led to an openness to other cultures, as Muslim scholars took ideas from China in areas such as paper making.

Lastly, the quest for a greater understanding of the world was another contributing factor in Islam's success. During the period of 1200-1450, advancements in math, such as the founding of trigonometry and algebra were made. In addition, advancements in astronomy and medicine contributed to a greater understanding of the world. Medicine was a common practice and their knowledge at the time was made into an encyclopedia. Islam's cultural prominence is directly linked to their openness and eagerness to discover other cultures and their belief systems.

House of Wisdom

The House of Wisdom was the centers of learning scholars traveled under the Abbasid Empire.

Hijab

The practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of covering.

Swahili

The term for a Bantu spoken language with Arabic words.

Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours was against Frankish forces and marked the limit of Islamic expansion in Western Europe.

"People of the book" (Dhimni)

The term "people of the book" refers to Muslims, Christians and Jews all living in al-Andalus.

Describe ONE way in which the status of women in South Asia was similar to the status of men in the same region in the 12th or

13th century.

One way in which the status of women in South Asia was similar to the status of men in the same region can be found in the caste system which applied to all people, regardless of gender. A woman with a low status, while she did not have the same rights as a man, stood in the same class as him.

Describe ONE way in which the status of women in South Asia changed between 1200 and 1450.

One way in which the status of women in South Asia changed between 1200 and 1450 was that as certain religions such as Hinduism grew, different branches of the faith became practiced such as in the Bhakti Movement. In this branch of Hinduism, a woman was not discriminated against and this caused many women to appeal to practicing this type of Hinduism. As a result, women now were seen differently and believed to feel equal to men.

Explain ONE way in which Islam in India between 1200and 1450 was like Christianity in the Roman Empire.

One way in which Islam in India was like Christianity in the Roman Empire was that both attracted people from lower class systems and made them to feel welcome. Islam attracted women and people of a low caste system by way of the mystical movements found in the Bhakti movement. Christianity preached a love and acceptance of all people and taught the ways of Jesus and his love for all people.

Describe ONE way in which political structures were similar betweenSouthernIndiaandNorthernIndiaintheperiodc. 1200 c. 1450.

One way in which political structures were similar between Southern India and Northern India was that they were all based on the teachings of Hinduism. Both political structures followed Hindu teachings when making political decisions.

Describe ONE way in which two kingdoms in Southeast Asia differed in the period c. 1200—c. 1450

One way in which two kingdoms in Southeast Asia differed was the religions that they practiced. The Southeast empire of Srivijaya was a Hindu empire whereas the Majapahit kingdom was of Buddhist beliefs.

Explain ONE example of Islamic influence in South and Southeast Asia during the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One example of Islamic influence in South and Southeast Asia can be found in the architecture specifically in the Qutub Minar. The Qutub Minar has architecture found in Islamic empires and was a symbol of the importance of Islam to the developing world.

Why were the Inca able to achieve the accomplishment described in the passage?

they divided the empire into four provinces so it would be easier to govern

The Carpa Nan demonstrates the main point expressed by the writer in the excerpt because

It connected the parts of the empire

When the author of the passage describes the Incan civilization as the "greatest empire on earth," he means that they

adapted successfully to diverse environments

Describe ONE way in which culture from the Incan civilization is

similar to the culture of the Aztec civilization.

One way in which culture from the Incan civilization is similar to the culture of the Aztec civilization is that each empire was polytheistic. Religion was a fundamental part of society for both the Inca and the Aztecs as kings were thought to be divine and human sacrifices were common rituals.

Explain ONE difference in how the Incas and the Aztecs

maintained their empires.

One difference in how the Incas and the Aztecs maintained their empires was that they each had different types of tributary systems. The Aztecs had a system of tribute that was mandatory for conquered peoples, and they allowed their conquered leaders to have some power in collecting that tribute. The Inca, on the other hand, had a mandatory system of tribute in the form of service, known as the Mit'a system. This system was mandatory agricultural and labor work required by men ages 15 to 50.

Explain ONE reason why the people living under Aztec rule

wanted a change in rulers at the time the Europeans arrived.

One reason why the people living under Aztec rule wanted a change in rulers was that as the Europeans arrived they grew resentful of the extraction of conquered people and sacrifice victims which when the Spaniards arrived they were able to seize the opportunity.

In one to three paragraphs, identify the states that developed in the Americas and explain how they changed over time.

The states in America developed through their shared use of religious unification, agricultural production and tributary systems. All three states, the Aztecs, Maya and Inca were able to change over time as they adopted new technologies and advanced in thought.

All three states were able to succeed through their shared use of religion in everyday culture. The Inca, Aztecs and Maya developed religious practices that brought a shared culture to their people, specifically in the form of human sacrifices. Rituals became an important part of their culture and was a way for the people of each empire to feel connected despite their hierarchical society. Agricultural production was also another important part of the development of the states in America. The Aztecs for example traded extensively with crops and can be a reason contributing to their success. Lastly, the states' tributary systems led to the production of roads, agricultural produce, and money collected from conquered lands. The Inca required mandatory public service as their form of tribute and their men constructed roads whereas the Maya and Aztecs conquered land mainly for tribute collection from the people they conquered.

The changing of these states came in the form of the new technologies they were able to use, such as construction technology that helped them to build large pyramids or roads. The Maya and Aztecs developed accurate calendars and raised gardens to increase agricultural production. As the three states were able to develop and change over time, they grew in size and gained importance and ensured their dominance over their surrounding empires.

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Jizya

the tax imposed on non-Muslim subjects of the Delhi Sultanate

Proselythize

the action of Muslims, actively seeking converts to Islam

Caste System

The social system upheld in India that consisted of the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Viasya, Sudra and Untouchables.

Qutub Minar

Islamic architecture from the Delhi Sultanate, A gigantic leaning tower, the tallest structure in India today

Bhakti Movement

A believing that did not discriminate against women or people of low social status. Followers were Hindus but placed less emphasis on traditional rituals and beliefs.

In one to three paragraphs, explain how various beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia affected society and the development of states.

Belief systems and practices in South and Southeast Asia affected the growth, success and development of states as they were able to help unify the country. Hinduism was a contributing factor to the unification of India as people were able to follow their faith outside of the temple, specifically in the types of policies that were followed in the kingdom. Hinduism was used and followed by members of all caste systems and was a way for people of India to be unified despite the rigid social structure.

As Hinduism grew in importance, kingdoms such as the Srivijaya Empire arose in dominance. By charging fees for ships traveling between India and China, they were able to develop a long-lasting empire while also influencing trade that would occur between South and East Asia. The unification under Hinduism in this particular empire was a contributing factor in its economic and political success.

In addition to Hinduism, Buddhism was also an important factor in the development of states, specifically in the Majapahit Kingdom. Located in Java, the kingdom had 98 tributaries at its height, explaining how the unification of a kingdom under a set of beliefs and practices would lead to its economic prosperity and cultural continuity.

Angkor Wat

an ornate Buddhist temple built by the Khmer Empire

Cahokia

an earthen mound, the largest mound located in southern Illinois

Matrineal Society

social standing determine by the woman's side of the family

City-state

rued by a king and consisted of a city and its surrounding territory

Tenochtitlán

Capital for the Aztecs or Mexicans, located in present day Mexico City

Great Pyramid

a pyramid built by the Aztecs that was made of stone and rose 150 feet into the air

Chinampas

floating gardens built by the Aztecs

Theocracy

ruling by religious leaders

Pochtea

the special merchant class of the Aztecs

Mit'a System

mandatory public service enforced by the Inca

Carpa Nan

roadway system built by the Inca

Trans-Saharan Trade

a network of trading routes across the great desert

Hausa Kingdoms

people of the Hausa ethnic group who formed seven states

Sundiata

believed to be Mali's founding ruler, Sundiata, who was a Muslim

Indian Ocean Trade

connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia

Great Zimbabwe

the capital city of Zimbabwe

Zanj Rebellion

Arab workers who mounted a series of revolts

Griots/Griottes

storytellers who possessed knowledge of family lineages

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

the demand in the Middle East for enslaved workers resulted in a slave trade between East Africa and the Middle East

Describe ONE way in which the political structures in West Africa were similar to those in East Africa in the period c. 1200—c. 1450.

One way in which political structures in inland Africa were similar to those in East Africa during 1200-1450 was that they both relied extensively on trade for their contact with other kingdoms. The Indian Ocean trade network connected kingdoms of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. As kingdoms in Africa began to increase their involvement in trade, their political structures gained more wealth and power.

Describe one way in which political structures in inland Africa differed from those in East Africa during the period 1200-1450

One way in which the political structures in inland Africa differed from those in East Africa during 1200-1450 was that inland Africa had no centralized power, as kin-based groups were common. The power in the kin-based groups went to the chief. East Africa's political structure differed in that power went to a centralized government with one direct leader.

Explain ONE way in which slavery affected relations among African states in the period c, 1200—c. 1450.

One way in which political structures in inland Africa differed from those in East Africa during 1200-1450 was that they both relied extensively on trade for their contact with other kingdoms. The Indian Ocean trade network connected kingdoms of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. As kingdoms in Africa began to increase their involvement in trade, their political structures gained more wealth and power.

In one to three paragraphs, explain how and why states developed in Africa and changed over time.

The development of states in Africa began first as the Bantu-speaking people migrated outward from the West African coast. The different use of political systems in East Africa and inland Africa resulted in different methods of development; one with a centralized government, the other with a kinship based community. As communities formed, they used a combination of trade and the spread of religion to develop and as a result of the slave trade, changed over time. Trade was a common and important practice to states of Africa, as it led to the wealth and cultural promotion of other empires of the world. Kingdoms such as Zimbabwe earned their wealth from the extensive trade in the Indian Ocean trade networks. Similarly, Mali became wealthy through the gold trade that occurred there. As trade increased, not only did kingdoms grow in wealth and importance, but other empires were able to come under their influence and realize their significance.

Religion was another contributing factor to the development of African states. Ethiopia was an example of Christianity that had spread to far off empires and as a result of its religious isolation, developed differently than the rest of the Christian world. Islam had spread to much of Africa at the time and the region became more diverse religiously. The kingdom of Axum is an example of a kingdom that positively developed as a result of religion. The Christian-led kingdom had rulers who ordered the construction of several massive churches and carved rock structures. Axum also used trade to develop as they traded goods and religious ideas to India, Arabia, and the interior of Africa.

States in Africa changed over time due to environmental factors, political turmoil and most notably, slavery. The creation of slave trade networks such as the Indian Ocean Slave Trade began when the demand for workers in the Middle East increased. As labor was needed, enslaved East Africans were sent to work sugar plantations in Mesopotamia. In Africa, prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals were enslaved and in some kin-based communities , people could not own land privately but could own other people. The result of the slave trade increased poverty in African states and led to a cultural fragmentation as wars between kingdoms occurred. The successful development of Africa can be linked to the use of trade and religion however the negative effects of slavery caused the kingdoms to change over time.

One factor that contributed to the declines of both Great Zimbabwe and of the Mayans was

environmental damage

Feudalsim

A decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty

Used during the Middle Ages

Resulted in a hierarchy of social classes

Fiefs

A monarch, usually a king, granted tracts of land, called fiefs, to lords who in return, would become a king's vassal

Used during the Middle Ages

Fiefs could become vassals and work for the king

Serfs

Serfs were tied to the land and could not travel without permission from their lords.

They had to marry with the lord's approval

Paid tribute in the form of crops, labor, or, in rare cases, coins.

Three-field System

The system of having crops rotated through three fields

One field was planted with wheat or rye

A second field was planted with peas, lentils and beans

A third field was unused each year

Absolutist (government)

A political theory and form of government in which there is a centralized leader

Leader has complete power

Used as a form of totalitarian rule

Estates-General

A body to advise the king that included representatives from the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

French kings consulted this Estates-General when necessary, they did not exact regular taxes from the upper two estates

Estates- General had little power

Magna Carta

Nobles forced King John to sign

a document that required the king to respect certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial

Also had a right to be consulted on the issue of scutage

Great Schism

The Christian Church in Europe divided into two branches or split, into the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church

Roman Church ruled much of Europe whereas the Orthodox Church was prevalent in Greece and Russia

First Crusade

One of the four major Crusades

A clear victory for the Christendom

In July the European army captured Jerusalem of 1099

The only successful Crusade

Fourth Crusade

The last major Crusade that resulted in Islamic forces capturing Levant

Venice was not paid all of the contract and as a result the Venetians were able to persuade Crusaders to sack Zara

Never made it to the Holy Land

Bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

bureucrat

government official

Aristocracy

the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

hereditary

having title or possession by reason of birth

Autonomy

(n.) self-government, political control