cset subtest 1 california history

California Precolumbian Settlement

Migration across the Bering Land Bridge led to human settlement in California after thousands of years

Bering Land Bridge

Lower sea levels allowed migration from Asia into North America

California Geography (Precontact)

Mountains, deserts, and coastline isolated tribes and limited long-distance interaction

Native California Population

Largest concentration of Native Americans in North America due to abundant resources

Tribal Isolation

Difficult terrain reduced warfare and outside cultural influence

California Native Cultures

Geography shaped housing, diet, and transportation

Native Housing

Dwellings reflected climate and environment

Northern Housing

Plank and frame houses suited forest regions

Southern Desert Housing

Brush shelters adapted to arid conditions

Coastal Housing

Earth houses suited mild coastal climate

Native Food Sources

Acorns were staple food due to oak abundance

Native Transportation

Boats varied by region based on waterways

Southern Watercraft

Balsa and raft boats

Northern Watercraft

Plank canoes

Native Social Structure

Lineage traced through paternal line

Native Religion

Shared belief systems based on nature, shamanism, and creation myths

Native Ceremonies

Rituals marked life events and seasonal activities

Native Gender Roles

Labor divided by sex for efficiency

Native Oral Tradition

Stories preserved culture and history

California Tribal Regions

Geographic isolation led to cultural diversity

Northern Tribes

Yurok, Hupa, Modoc, Pomo

Central Valley Tribes

Maidu and Miwok

Coastal Tribes

Chumash, Esselen, Coastal Miwok

Desert Tribes

Mojave and Serrano

Sierra Nevada Tribes

Miwok and Mono

Native Technology

Tools reflected subsistence lifestyle

Food Tools

Mortar, pestle, metate, grinding slabs

Containers

Baskets, pottery, wood and stone bowls

Currency

Clam disks and olivella shells

Spanish Awareness of California

Exploration after conquest of Mexico expanded Spanish knowledge

Cabrillo Expedition

Mapped California coastline and ports

English Threat

Drake’s claim pushed Spain to colonize California

Russian Expansion

Fur trade pressured Spain to strengthen control

Spanish Colonization

Foreign threats caused permanent settlement efforts

Spanish Missions

Created religious and economic centers to control territory

El Camino Real

Linked missions and became first transportation route

Mission Purpose

Convert natives, establish agriculture, defend empire

Mission Organization

Combined church, labor, farming, and livestock

Positive Mission Effects

Strengthened Spanish presence and economy

Negative Mission Effects

Disease, forced labor, and cultural destruction

Father Serra

Leader of mission system with controversial legacy

Mission Secularization

Mexican reforms privatized mission lands

Mexican Independence

Spain’s loss of California led to weak Mexican rule

Alta California

Ranchos and land grants gave power to Californios

Rancho System

Created feudal landholding economy

Californio Power

Local elites controlled politics due to weak Mexican authority

Foreign Interest

Increased American and European influence

American Migration to California

Trappers and settlers opened interior routes

Bear Flag Revolt

American settlers challenged Mexican authority

Mexican-American War

U.S. desire for western territory led to war

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Transferred California to U.S. control

Discovery of Gold

Found at Sutter’s Mill and triggered massive migration

Gold Rush

Population boom transformed economy and society

Statehood Crisis

Slavery debate delayed federal organization

California Constitution

Created government before federal approval

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as free state

Civil War California

Supported Union with gold and manpower

Railroad Expansion

Linked California to national markets

Transcontinental Railroad

Completion unified nation and boosted growth

Immigrant Labor

Chinese and Irish workers built railroads

Big Four

Railroad magnates dominated politics

Economic Boom and Bust

Resource dependence caused cycles of growth and collapse

Anti-Chinese Sentiment

Economic downturns fueled nativism

Foreign Miner’s Tax

Targeted foreign workers

Chinese Exclusion Act

Federal law banned Chinese immigration

Workingmen’s Party

Populist backlash against immigrants and corporations

California Constitution of 1879

Legalized discrimination

Early 20th Century Immigration

Japanese workers replaced Chinese labor

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Reduced Japanese immigration

Alien Land Law

Prevented Asian land ownership

Progressive Era

Reform movement challenged corporate control

Hiram Johnson

Progressive governor who expanded democracy

World War I Economy

Manufacturing and agriculture expanded

Oil Industry

Became major economic driver

Hollywood

Film industry shaped culture and economy

Panama Canal

Increased California’s global trade

Great Depression in California

Economic collapse led to mass unemployment

Dust Bowl Migration

Displaced farmers moved to California

Mexican Repatriation

Deportations increased due to job competition

Entertainment Industry

Films provided affordable escape

World War II California

Defense production revived economy

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation raised civil liberties issues

Zoot Suit Riots

Racial tensions erupted during war

Postwar Defense Boom

Military spending fueled long-term growth

Modern California Challenges

Population growth strains resources

Water Distribution Problem

Northern supply does not match southern demand

Central Valley Project

Transported water statewide

Los Angeles Aqueduct

Supplied Southern California water

Salton Sea

Supported Imperial Valley agriculture

California Economy

Diverse industries support global economic power

Economic Regions

Entertainment, agriculture, technology, aerospace, wine

Employment Sectors

Trade, government, services, education, hospitality

California Geography

Physical diversity shapes climate and economy

Mediterranean Climate

Mild wet winters and dry summers

San Andreas Fault

Tectonic movement causes earthquakes

Coast Ranges

Mild coastal climate and plant diversity

Klamath Mountains

Rugged terrain with heavy rainfall

Sierra Nevada

Snowpack supplies state water

Rain Shadow Effect

Creates wet west slopes and dry east

Central Valley

Fertile agricultural heartland