Human Geo - Identity

Positionality

how a person's identity influences their perspective and decision making

Race

social constructions based on differences in physical appearances

Ethnicity

collective sense of identity and conscious sense of belonging

Nationality

affiliation with specific country

Gender

cultural assumptions about differences between women and men

Structural racism

system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representation, and other norms work in various, reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial inequality

Racialization

creation of racial categories

Ex – Belgian colonizers in Rwanda: created racial ID cards for Tutsis and Hutus to determine schooling or jobs

Examples of dehumanizing language

declaration of independence (bad words for Native Americans)

Residential segregation

groups live separately from one another

South Africa arpartheid

Grand apartheid

national – territorial separated racial groups

Petty apartheid

local – segregate facilities (bathrooms, buses)

Residential segregation in the US

Jim Crow Laws (petty) and there are others for grand

How residential segregation in the US has changed over time

Most segregated cities today are in upper midwest, war on drugs, welfare programs, name discrimination in hiring, crime reporting

Redlining and HOLC

systemic denial of services (home loans, grocery stores)

Urban Renewal

slum clearance program

Racial steering

real estate agent steers a family to a certain neighborhood (fair housing act)

Segregated schools

funding mechanism is from property taxes, poor stays poor (positive feedback effect), lack of year round schooling, and segregated classrooms