Zoology Exam 3 Part 1

Phylum Arthropoda

in what ways can success be defined in the animal kingdom

evolution, complex behaviors, number of species

T or F: Arthropoda is the most successful phyla on earth

t

T or F: There are greater than 1.5 million described species of arthropods

t

body somites fused together to form specialized units (cephalothorax or head)

tagmata

arthropod appendages are (__), usually one pair on each segment, and developed for feeding, walking, defense, respiration, sensory, and reproduction

jointed

what is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of

protein, chitin, and calcium salts

what is special about the muscular system of arthropods

complex and striated

the coelom of most arthropods is (__), and has a large cavity called the (__)

reduced / hemocoel

is the digestive system of arthropods complete or incomplete

complete

the circulatory system of arthropods is (__) with a dorsal (__) heart, arteries, and hemocoel (___)

open / contractile / blood sinuses

how do arthropods respire

tissue, gills, trachea, or book lungs

what is special about respiration of insects

only animals to take air directly to each cell through trachea air tubes

what are the 3 paired excretory organs of arthropods. insects with (__)

coxal, antennal, maxillary glands / malphigian tubules

nervous system of arthropods is (__). sexes usually (__). development with (__) in most. are they protostomes or deuterostomes?

complex / separate / metamorphosis / protostomes

what are the 5 reasons why arthropods are so successful?

versatile exoskeleton, segmentation and appendages, tracheal system, highly developed sensory, and complex behavior

arthropods have an extremely protective, but flexible (__). The skeleton is the (__), an outer layer secreted by the (__). The cuticle consists of (__) which is a tough, resistant, nitrogenous (___). It is usually bound with (__) for flexibility

exoskeleton / cuticle / epidermis / chitin / polysaccharide / protein

In crustaceans, the cuticle is fortified with (__). which harden the exoskeleton. because of this exoskeleton the arthropods have to (__) from time to time as they grow to large for their outer covering. This process is called (__)

calcium salts / molt / ecdysis

T or F: the segments of arthropods have the same structures similar to annelids

f

usually each segment bears a pair of jointed (__). These are (__) levers with (__) inside for movement. Both segments and appendages are specialized and many have (__) which help in sensory and feeding

appendages / hollow / muscles / hair

double-branched limbs, characteristic of crustaceans and some other arthropods

biramous

what are the two limbs of the biramous appendage

endopod and exopod

what is an advantage of having biramous appendages

2 functions at same appendage

what kind of ramous are bee legs

uniramous

the first or basal segment of the leg of an insect

coxa

name of the system in insects where air is piped directly to the cells where needed to aerobic respiration

tracheal system

T or F: The tracheal system is the most efficient respiratory system in the animal kingdom

t

do insects have high or low metabolic rates? do they have respiratory pigments? does blood carry oxygen?

high / no / no

how do most aquatic insects and crustaceans extract oxygen from water

gills

why can insects not be big

air is only 20% oxygen and due to surface area to volume ratio, they wouldn’t have enough trachea to supply metabolic needs if volume too big

T or F: arthropods can sense their environment better than any other animal.

t

arthropods have (__) eyes, (__) receptors, smell, hearing, balance, and excellent (__) receptors.

compound / touch / chemical

do arthropods have complex behaviors? list examples

yes / bee jobs, ant bridges (altruism)

subphyla of arthropods that are extinct and have 3 lobes and make excellent fossils

Subphylum Trilobita

when layers of fine sand or particles covered Trilobita, what was able to be seen in the fossil

soft appendages like antenna and legs

do we have to know other arthropod fossils?

unknown

subphylum of arthropods consisting of horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, granddaddy longlegs, and sea spiders

Subphylum Chelicerata

how many pairs of appendages do Chelicerata have? What are they born on?

six / cephalothorax

What are the types of appendages Chelicerata have and how many?

1 pair of chelicerae, 1 pair of pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs

What are chelicerae for? What do pedipalps do?

feeding / food manipulation

Chelicerae are (___) located on the mouth and are (__) appendages

pincers / jointed

How many antennae do Chelicerata have? Do they have a mandible?

none / no

T or F: Chelicerata are known for their ability to grind food.

F (cannot grind food without mandible so liquify food)

Class of Subphylum Chelicerata that are the horseshoe crabs

Class Merostomata

where do merostomata live and why is that dangerous? how do they combat this issue?

shallow water / waves can easily flip them over / use telson to flip back

what is the important type of horseshoe crab (merostomata) and what medical purpose does it serve

Limulus / blood used in immune system tests

how many tagmata do Merostomata have and what are they

2 / cephalothorax and abdomen

T or F: The tail/telson of Merostomata is used for predation

F (flips back over)

class of Subphylum Chelicerata that are the sea spiders

Class Pycnogonida

what is special/unique about ppycnogonida?

body is almost entirely legs and put reproductive and digestive organs into their legs

What organ do pycnogonida put in their legs

gonads

where are Class Pycnogonida found

ocean only

T or F: The body of Class Pycnogonida is the same width as the legs

T

class of Subphylum Chelicerata that is spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites

Class Arachnida

order of Class Arachnida that are the true spiders

Order Aranea

how many tagmata do Aranea have and what are they

2 / cephalothorax and abdomen

what are the chelicerae of Class Aranea like

they are fused and hardened into fangs (some with poison)

T or F: Aranea chelicerae can be covered in follicular hair

F (non-follicular hair)

what is the purpose of hair on the chelicerae of aranea

tactile sensation (feel vibrations) and heat retention

how many eyes do most spiders have? is it good vision? what is different about their eyes?

8 / yes in some / see different wavelengths

silk glands from caterpillars were once used to make (__) because of its strength

bullet-proof jackets

spiders may have (__) on their (___) for spinning silk threads used in making webs for (__) and packaging (__) and (__) for reproduction

silk glands / abdomen / feeding / gametes / fertilized eggs

one of the most numerous animals on earth and highest number of species

mites

how do true spiders reproduce

males package sperm in silk on end of leg and invert silk to package sperm in bag, drop silk bag, female comes along and either carries the bag or breaks it open and takes in the sperm if her eggs are ready

T or F: female spiders self-inseminate

t

what kind of lungs do spiders have? Why do they move their abdomen?

book lungs / to beat heart and respire

what 4 purposes do spiders use silk for

homes, feeding, reproduction, locomotion

how do spiders use silk for locomotion

babies release a little bit of silk and use it and the wind to move called ballooning

Order of Class Arachnida that is the scorpions

Order Scorpiones

Order Scorpiones have (__) abdomen and are mostly (__) or (__), and SOME may have a (__) on end

segmented / tropical / sub-tropical / modified stinger

Order of Arachnids that are commonly called the harvestmen (daddy longlegs)

Order Opiliones

order of Class Arachnids that includes ticks and mites

Order Acari

mouthparts of Acari (ticks and mites) are born on (__). many are (__). There are mites that feast on dead skin cells in our (__)

capitulum / parasitic / eyebrows

Subphylum of Arthropods that are zooplankton, barnacles, crabs, and shrimp

Subphylum Crustacea

what is the exoskeleton of crustaceans like and why

hard / they pull calcium from water and deposit it into their exoskeleton

How many antennae do crustacea have? what are their appendages like? How many tagmata and what are they?

2 pairs / biramous / 2 / cephalothorax and abdomen

what is the attachment point for the appendages of Crustacea? what is it called if it is on the cephalothorax?

basal protopod / coxa

what are the sensory parts of Subphylum Crustacea

antennae and antennules

what is the part of Subphylum Crustacea for chewing and grinding food

mandible

what is the part of Subphylum Crustacea on the head for food handling

maxilla

what is the habitat of Subphylum Crustacea

mostly marine, many freshwater, some terrestrial

what is the first leg of Subphylum Crustacea? What kind of leg is this? What are the legs on the abdomen called?

cheliped / walking legs / swimmerets

segment with two appendages attached to basal protopod (coxa) is called

biramous

what are the two appendages of Subphylum Crustacea and how do you distinguish them

endopod and exopod / exopod is smaller or on outside of body

T or F: Some crustaceans have lost their exopod secondarily through evolution

t

each appendage was similar at one point in evolutionary history, but diverged through evolution to serve many functions and have different morphologies is referred to as

serial homology

what did crustacean legs evolve from

parapodia of polychaeta

T or F: all biramous appendages of crustacea have gills

f

major body cavity in arthropods is (__) and is a space filled with (__) from the (__) circulatory system

hemocoel / blood / open

respiration in most crustaceans is through feathery like (__) of which (__) circulates through and gets (__) and removes (__)

gills / blood / oxygen / CO2

excretion of crustaceans is through (__) or (__) depending on where they exit. these are near the (__) and sometimes called (__)

antennal / maxillary glands / head / green glands

nervous system of crustaceans

brain and nerves that go to antennae, mouth, appendages, antennal glands, and muscles

sensory organs of crustaceans are (__), consisting of photoreceptor units called (__), each acting like an (___). antennae with (__) and (__). (___) and (__) for balance. and tactile (__) all over the organism

eyes / ommatidia / individual eye / tactile / chemoreceptors / statocysts / statoliths / hairs

explain how a crustacean would know its position in space

statocyst secretes a rock-like statolith that resides in the fluid. as the organism changes position, the statolith will fall or shift and stimulate the cilia which are attached to nerves that send signals to the brain

reproduction of crustaceans (__). when the young look just like the adult, it is called (__). Some may go through (__) and several larval stages which include (__) and (__)

varies / direct development / metamorphosis / nauplius / protozoea

class of subphylum crustacea that are small, microcrustaceans, important parts of zooplankton

Class Branchiopoda

class of subphylum crustacea that is very diverse and includes ostracods, copepods, and barnacles

Class Maxillopoda

what organism is plankton from spongebob

copepod

class of subphylum crustacea that is very large and includes isopods, amphipods and decapods

Class Malacostraca