The Body as a Whole

Chapter 5 Medical Terminology Book

Chromosomes

are thread like structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of the genetic information. Each chromosome consists of double strand of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

Stem cells

Cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells .

Somatic cells

Examples of Somatic cells are Nerve cells, muscle cells and blood cells , these cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Reproductive cells

sperm and egg(ova) cells , not having 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Tissues

Group of cells that perform the same activity as cells are called tissues.

cytoplasm

The liquid portion outside the nucleus.

organelles

Cytoplasmic inclusions.

Nerve tissue

Conducts impulses that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body.

organs

Two or more tissues type that work together to perform one or more functions and form a more complex structures called organs.

Homeo+statis

home/o= sameness

-statis=controlling

The constant internal environment that is naturally maintained in the body.

atrophy

(decrease in size) of our brain occurs as we age.

anaplasia

Anatomist

Is a person using directional terms and planes to describe the position and direction of various body structures or parts.

pronation and supination

pronation: rotation of the forearm so that

palm faces downward.

Supination: is the rotation of a joint that allows the hand or foot to turn upward.

prone and supine position

prone position: lying face down

supine position : lying face up.

Recumbent

means lying down.

Ambulant

means walking.

Body has two major cavities 1.dorsal cavity

2.ventral cavity.

dorsal cavity: carinal (contains brain),

spinal (contains spinal cord and the beginning of the spinal nerves.)

ventral cavity : large organs present called viscera

ventral cavity : large organs present called viscera

ventral cavity: thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity.

Muscular diaphragm divides thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

The diaphragm is a domeshaped partition that functions in respiration

peritoneum

Is a membrane lines the abdominal-pelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs .

torso

trunk

extremities

four limbs(arms and legs)

thoracocentesis

Surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids. Thoracentesis is a common term.

Cephalo +pelvic

Refers to the head of the fetus and the maternal pelvis.

Acrocyanosis

The arms and legs appear blue.

Acrohypothermy

Abnormal coldness of the extremities.

Abdomino + centesis (abdominal paracentesis)

Is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent.

ascites

Abnormal accumulation of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Omphalos

Is a Greek word of umbilicus or navel

Abdominal hernials

umbilical , femoral, incisional, and ingunial

palmar

pertaining to the palm

plantar

sole or under the surface of foot.

Dactylo+ graphy is the study of fingerprints.

is the study of fingerprints.

Dactylospasm

means cramping of a finger or toe. Inflammation of the bones of the fingers and

dacylitis.

Inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes

Body fluids

Fluids constitute more than 60%, of an adults weight under the normal conditions.

plasma

is the fluid part of blood

solids 40%, Intracellular fluid 40%, Extracellular fluid 20%. plasma 5%,Interstitial fluid 15%.

edema

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartments results in a condition .

Hematology

is the study of blood and blood forming tissues.

The blood forming tissues are bonemarrow and lymphoid tisssue(spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes)

Composition of blood

Blood is 8% of the body weight

plasma 55%

water 90%

solutes 10%

Formed elements(45%,leukocytes(platlets),erythrocytes

Hemodialysis

to remove toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impaired kidney function

Hematoma

is a localized collection of blood , usually clotted in an organ, tissue, or space resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel

Bruises are familiar forms of hematomas.

Fibrin forms in blood clot,stops blood to ooze out.

anticoagulant:

prevents blood from clotting

Thrombosis

formation of internal blood clots

circulation erythrocytes donot contain nucleus unlike leuckocytes

leuckocytes have nucleus

CBC (complete blood count)

thrombocytopenia or thrombopenia

A reduction in the number of blood platelets

pallor (paleness)and tachycardia are some typical signs of mild anemia.

leukocytes

ain function body defense.

leukopenia or leukocytopenia is a abnormal decrease in the total number of white blood cells

leukocytosis

abnormal increase in the total number of blood cells

hypersensitivity

excessive reaction of an antigen

Ex. Anaphylactic reactions are exaggerated by hypersensitivity reaction to previously encountered antigen

benign

favorable to recovery

malignant

means malignant tending to go worse, spreading,and possibly life threatning

metastasis

spreading from one part of the body to other part

metastasize

spread to sites away from where they orginate

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

HPR

high-power field

LPF

low-power field

WMD

Weapons of mass destruction

FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency