Chapter 9: cell respiration/ fermentation

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

alcoholic fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

beta oxidation

reaction that converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

Cytochromes

proteins that play a key role in electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

facultative anaerobes

can survive with or without oxygen

Fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

lactic acid fermentation

A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce

NAD+

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis

NADH

the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration

obligate anaerobes

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

Oxidation

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

oxidizing agent

Accepts electrons and becomes reduced.

proton-motive force

The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.

redox reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

reducing agent

Donates electrons and becomes oxidized.

reduction

gaining electrons

substrate-level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

NADH and FADH2

high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle)

FADH2

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

FADH

gets converted to 2 ATP in the electron transport chain

Fermentation equation

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2