Semester 1 Exam Review Biology

the study of life

biology

Structure always relates to ________.

function

refers to the structure of an organism both internal and external

morphology

refers to an organism’s internal structure

anatomy

Reproduction involves the transfer of _________ from parent to offspring.

genetic information

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

sexual and asexual

type of reproduction with no genetic exchange

asexual

type of reproduction with genetic info exchange

sexual

the acquisition of traits from parents

inheritance

DNA stands for:

deoxyribonucleic acid

code for traits

genes

All organisms are composed of and develop from _____.

cells

increase in size

growth

cells increase in number and differentiate

development

how organisms get, use, and transfer energy and how energy is produced, stored, and used within an organism

energy relationships

Examples of energy relationships:

photosynthesis and respiration

the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and the environment; the interdependence of organisms

ecology

the study of moral choices

ethics

application of ethics to biological issues

bioethics

example of bioethics issue:

genetic engineering

Levels of organization from smallest to largest:

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element

atom

a combination of atoms

molecule

smallest unit of life

cell

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

tissue

composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit

organ

two or more organs working together for a common function

organ system

individual living thing composed of many cells

multicellular organism

a group of similar interbreeding organisms

species

same species inhabiting the same area

population

two or more populations of different species living and interacting

community

includes all aspects of a living community and the physical environment (soil, climate)

ecosystem

all life on earth and the non-living portions of earth that support life

biosphere

scientific method steps:

1. determine problem

2. collect info through observation

3. formulate hypothesis

4. experiment to test hypothesis

5. observe and record data from experiment

6. draw conclusions

7. scientific theory

What is used to determine the problem in the scientific method?

inductive reasoning

combining isolated facts into a cohesive whole

inductive reasoning

educated guess

hypothesis

uses “if, then“ logic

deductive reasoning

What is used in an experiment to test a hypothesis?

deductive reasoning

factor in an experiment that scientists purposely keep the same

controlled variable

experimental(independent) variable that is deliberately changed

manipulated variable

Conclusions from experiments must be entirely based on _____.

fact

well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

scientific theory

7 characteristics of living things:

1. composed of cells

2. maintain homeostasis

3. respond to stimuli

4. use energy

5. grow

6. reproduce

7. adapt to environment

basic unit of life

cell

encloses cytoplasm in a cell

plasma membrane

parts inside of a cell

organelles

units of heredity in a cell

genes

constant internal conditions

homeostasis

materials organisms need for survival

nutrients

ability to do work

energy

conduct photosynthesis to produce food for themselves

autotrophs

acquire energy by eating other organisms

heterotrophs

give rise to offspring of the same type

reproduce

type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic

type of cell that has a true membrane nucleus

eukaryotic

taxonomic categories from largest to smallest:

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

naming system for organisms

binomial nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature allows for _____ _____. It gives a great amount of accurate information about an organism.

worldwide communication

What are the domains?

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

What cell type is bacteria?

prokaryotic

What cell type is archaea?

prokaryotic

What cell type is eukarya?

eukaryotic

What cell number is bacteria?

unicellular

What cell number is archaea?

mostly unicellular

What cell number is eukarya?

multicellular

What type of energy use(s) does bacteria have?

auto and hetero

What type of energy use(s) does archaea have?

hetero

What type of energy use(s) does eukarya have?

auto and hetero

Kingdoms in eukarya:

fungi, plantae, animalia, protista

What does fungi include and what energy use does it have?

heterotrophic; molds, mushrooms, yeasts, ringworms

What does plantae include and what energy use does it have?

autotrophic; mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

What does protista include and what energy use does it have?

hetero- or autotrophic; algae, protozoa

What does animalia include and what energy use does it have?

heterotrophic; sponges, worms, insects, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals

have a carbon skeleton and some hydrogen atoms

organic molecules

“organic molecules“ is derived from the word ________ because…

organism; living things make and use these molecules

do not contain carbon

inorganic molecules

What is the inorganic molecule that is an exception to the “no carbon“ rule?

carbon dioxide

What are carbon’s 4 special properties?

1. electron structure allows it to form four covalent bonds

2. carbon atoms can bond with each other

3. bonds may be single, double, or triple covalent bonds

4. bonds can be in long chains, branched chains, or folded chains

attached to carbon backbone and determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of these molecules

functional groups

soluble in water

hydrophilic

Hydrophilic molecules are (polar/nonpolar).

polar

not soluble in water

hydrophobic

Hydrophobic molecules are (polar/nonpolar).

nonpolar

All reactions in the body need ______.

water

In functional groups, ____ represents carbon backbone.

R

How are organic molecules synthesized?

Monomers link into polymers through dehydration synthesis, and polymers split into monomers through hydrolysis.

What is dehydration synthesis controlled by?

enzymes

A lack of lactase causes what? Why?

lactose intolerance; The body lacks the enzyme, lactase, that is needed to digest lactose.

reaction in which water is removed

dehydration synthesis

reaction that requires water

hydrolysis

Reactivity is dependent on the _________ of molecules.

structure

contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

carbohydrates

What is the organic molecule that is the main source of energy?

carbohydrates

subunits of carbohydrates:

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

carbohydrate subunit; simple sugars; single ring 6 carbon structure

monosaccharides

Examples of monosaccharides:

glucose, galactose, fructose

carbohydrate subunit; two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

disaccharides

Examples of disaccharides:

lactose and sucrose

disaccharide; made of glucose and galactose

lactose