Materials: Density, Upthrust, Stokes' Law, Hooke's Law, Young Modulus, Force-extension and force-compression graphs, Stress-strain graphs, Elastic strain energy

Density

The mass per unit volume of a material, calculated using the equation ρ = m/V, where m is the mass and V is the volume.

Upthrust

The force experienced by an object in fluids due to different pressures, calculated using Archimedes' principle as the weight of the fluid displaced.

Archimedes' principle

States that the upthrust experienced by an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Stokes' law

Describes the viscous drag force experienced by a small, spherical object moving slowly with laminar flow, calculated using F = 6πηrv.

Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation, determined by internal frictional forces between adjacent layers, and is temperature dependent.

Hooke's law

States that extension is directly proportional to the force applied, described using the equation F = kΔx, where k is the stiffness of the object and Δx is the extension.

Young modulus

A value describing the stiffness of a material, calculated as stress over strain for a material obeying Hooke's law up to the limit of proportionality.

Force-extension graphs

Illustrate how the extension of an object varies with the force applied, demonstrating Hooke's law and the limit of proportionality.

Elastic strain energy

The energy stored as a material is stretched or compressed, calculated by finding the area under a force-extension graph or using the formula W = 1/2FΔx.

Stress-strain graphs

Describe the behavior of a material, showing whether it is ductile, brittle, or plastic, and indicating the breaking stress.