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mys/myo
muscle
epi
above
peri
around
endo
inside
five functions of muscle tissue
producing movement, maintaining posture and body position, stabilizing joints, generating heat, and additional functions.
producing movement
is responsible for the mobility of the body as a whole. all of our movement comes from muscle contraction. these contractions enable us to respond quickly to changes in the external environment.
maintaining posture and body position
maintaining posture and body position is constantly happening through skeletal muscles. they make one tiny adjustment after another so that we are able to maintain seated posture despite the constant downward pull of gravity.
stabilizing joints
activated by the skeletal muscles pull on the bones. muscle tendons are very important in this process, especially with joints that have poorly fitting articulating surfaces, like shoulders.
generating heat
a by-product of muscle activity. as the ATP is used to power the muscle contraction, nearly three-quarters of its energy escapes as heat, generating body heat.
additional functions
the protection of organs
muscle tissue types
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
skeletal
Striations
Long cylindrical
Many nuclei
Rapid contractions
cardiac
Branched
Striations
One nucleus
Intercalated discs
Rapid contractions
smooth
Tapered ends
No striations
One nucleus
Slow, rhythmic contractions
gross (large) anatomy of skeletal muscles
epimysium
fascicle
perimysium
endomysium
epimysium
layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle group (bicep, tricep, etc).
fascicle
bundle of many muscle fibers (cells).
perimysium
layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle.
endomysium
layer of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber(cell).
histology (micro) anatomy of skeletal muscles
muscles made of many myofibrils
many mitochondria
high volume of smooth ER
myofibrils
long cylinder made of many layers of protein filaments.
building muscle-adding more layers of:
myosin (thick filaments)
actin (thin filaments)
tropomyosin
at rest, it blocks myosin from attaching to actin.
troponin
controls the location of tropomyosin
Ca2+ binds here during contraction-> shifts tropomyosin.
sarcomere= contractile unit of myofibril, horizontal segments of myofibril.
many mitochondria
Produce ATP
Contractions use ATP
high volume of smooth ER
Stores calcium needed for contraction
muscle contraction
neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
neuromuscular junction
place where motor neuron + muscle fiber meet.
synaptic cleft
space between motor neuron and muscle fiber.
neurotransmitter
chemical that transmits signal from neuron to another cell.
acetycholine
neurotransmitter that causes muscle fiber to contract.
Steps:
1.) The brain sends signals down the motor neuron for contraction.
2.) acetylcholine released from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft.
3.) acetylcholine binds to receptor proteins on muscle fiber
Receive signals from other cells
4.) action potential is triggered in muscle fiber
Rapid change in charge across cell membrane
5.) Action potential causes smooth ER to release calcium
6.) Ca2+ attaches to troponin
Shifts tropomyosin out of the way
7.) myosin attaches to actin and pulls
graded responses
Oppositional contraction and relaxation
Within a muscle group→cells alternating
Amount of power depends on:
The number of motor neurons sending a signal
Frequency of signals
unfused tetanus
fused tetanus
unfused tetanus
some relaxation between the signals.
fused tetanus
no relaxation between signals
Max output of muscle
sources of ATP
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
creative phosphate
aerobic respiration
Uses 02
Happens in mitochondria
Glucose + 02 → ATP
→ 36 (slow)
anaerobic respiration
No 02 used
Glucose → ATP
→ 2 (fast)
Produces lactic acid-causes muscle soreness
creative phosphate
Limited supply
Rapid ATP production
5-10 second burst
muscle fiber types
slow oxidative fibers
fast oxidative fibers
fast glycolynic fibers
slow oxidative fibers
High endurance
Low power
fast oxidative fibers
Moderate endurance
Moderate power
fast glyconytic fibers
Low endurance
High power
exercise
Aerobic
Increases blood supply (02 + glucose)
Increases amount of mitochondria
VS.
Anaerobic (resistance)
Increases number of layers of myosin and actin
Muscle tone=”at rest” in unfused tetanus
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is providing the final “go” signal for contractions. It does this by storing calcium, and then releasing it on demand when the muscle fiber is supposed to contract.
When you look at skeletal muscle underneath the microscope, you see striations. What is responsible for this banding pattern?
Sarcomeres are responsible for this binding pattern because they make the binds visible along the muscle fibers.
How do myosin and actin interact during a muscle contraction?
When a muscle contraction occurs, and the actin-containing filaments slide toward each other into the center of the sarcomere, these light zones disappear because the actin and myosin filaments overlap each other. Which in turn then shortens the sarcomere, then causing the muscle contraction.
how is skeletal muscle bundled/packaged?
The huge, cigar-shaped skeletal muscle fibers, containing multinucleate cells, are packaged into organs called skeletal muscles which attach to the body’s skeleton. As the skeletal muscles cover the bony “underpinnings” of our body’s, they help to form the much smoother contours of the body.