Untitled

What is the DNA complementary sequence to 5' TAACCG 3'?
A. 5' ATTGGC 3'
B. 5' CGGTTA 3'

B. 5' CGGTTA 3'

Molecules that are soluble in water have which type of bond?
A. polar covalent bond
B. nonpolar covalent bond
C. hydrophobic interaction
D. double bonds

A. polar covalent bond

What is true for double bonds?
A. Trans double bonds are found in nature and are associated with cardiovascular health.
B. Cis double bonds are made artificially in food processing and are associated with poor cardiovascular health.
C. Double bonds are weaker than single bonds.
D. Double bonds keep molecules straight.
E. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and are associated with good cardiovascular health.

E. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and are associated with good cardiovascular health.

Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?
A. cellulose
B. chitin
C. amylose
D. amylopectin
E. glycogen

E. glycogen

All lipids
A. are made from glycerol and fatty acids.
B. contain nitrogen.
C. have low energy content.
D. are acidic when mixed with water.
E. are poorly water soluble.

E. are poorly water soluble.

Where in the structure of a protein would glutamic acid (hydrophilic) be mostly likely?
A. on the exterior surface of the protein
B. in the interior of the protein, away from water
C. at the active site, binding oxygen
D. at the heme-binding site
E. at a site where hemoglobin binds to a negatively charged protein

A. on the exterior surface of the protein

Which is not a function of proteins?
A. help make up membranes
B. carry the code for translation from the nucleus to the ribosome
C. bind to hormones (hormone receptor)
D. can be hormones
E. speed chemical reactions

B. carry the code for translation from the nucleus to the ribosome

How does RNA differ from DNA?
A. DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does not.
B. DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not.
C. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.
D. DNA contains five bases; RNA contains four.
E. all of the above

C. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

What is incorrect about the following statement? "The tRNA sequence reads ATGCCATGG..."
A. tRNA is made of amino acids.
B. tRNA has U in place of T.
C. tRNA is not linear.
D. A and C
E. None of the choices is correct.

B. tRNA has U in place of T.

If you located a single-stranded piece of nucleic acid in a cell, what would it be made of?
A. nucleotides
B. amino acids
C. fatty acids
D. sugars
E. glycerol

A. nucleotides

If you were given a sample of a polysaccharide and told that the only subunit was glucose, what would you have?
A. glycogen
B. starch
C. cellulose
D. amylopectin
E. You cannot know from the information given.

E. You cannot know from the information given.

Which sugar is most important for making RNA?
A. glucose
B. ribose
C. fructose
D. glyceraldehyde
E. sucrose

B. ribose

Which falls outside the lipids?
A. estrogen
B. cholesterol
C. glucose
D. triacylglyceride
E. trans fat

C. glucose

For which of the following could genomics be used?
A. studying disease
B. conservation work
C. predicting future medical problems
D. evolutionary studies
E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which provides the most compact energy storage?
A. proteins
B. carbohydrates
C. lipids
D. nucleic acids
E. All provide about the same amount of energy stored per unit volume.

C. lipids

For what is water most important when digesting food?
A. dehydration reactions
B. temperature reduction
C. solubility
D. hydrolysis reactions
E. none of the above

D. hydrolysis reactions

If a DNA sample were composed of 20% adenine, what would be the percentage of cytosine?
A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 60%
E. 80%

B. 30%

When observing the synthesis of a biological macromolecule, more of what should appear?
A. water
B. amino acids
C. alcohol
D. ions
E. fatty acids

A. water

From what are polysaccharides made?
A. monosaccharides
B. glucose
C. disaccharides
D. sucrose
E. none of the above

A. monosaccharides

If you were asked to chose a lipid subunit, which would you choose?
A. fatty acid
B. steroid
C. cholesterol
D. unsaturated side chain
E. none of the above

A. fatty acid

Which is least important for metabolism?
A. receptor protein
B. contractile protein
C. enzymatic protein
D. hormonal protein
E. structural protein

E. structural protein

Which level of protein structure is most immediately encoded in DNA?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary
E. There is no difference between the four answers.

A. primary

isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

structural isomers

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

cis-trans isomers

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

trans isomers

the two x's are on opposite sides

Enatiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

triacylglycerol

three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

saturated fatty acid

a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

trans fats

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

enzymatic proteins

carry out metabolic reactions directly

storage proteins

storage of amino acids

hormonal proteins

coordination of an organism's activities

contractile and motor proteins

movement

defensive proteins

protection against disease

transport proteins

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

receptor proteins

response of cell to chemical stimuli

structural proteins

to support

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

ribbon model

Shows how the single polypeptide chain folds and coils to form the functional protein

space-filling model

a model of a molecule showing the relative sizes of the atoms and their relative orientations

wireframe model

shows the backbone with the side chains extending from it

primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

a helix

Something spiral in form.

B pleated sheet

protein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone.

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

hydrophobic interactions

Interactions between hydrophobic molecules grouping together to avoid water

disulfide bridges

covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

X-ray crystallography

A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

purines

Adenine and Guanine