Exam 1/ Unit 1

50 clues

When was the US discovered? (old vs new theory)

Original theory was 15,000 years ago when Paleo-Indians arrived from Asia and crossed the Bering Strait.

New theory found settlements from up to 40000 years ago.

Earliest Native Group

Clovis People

Where was evidence for the Clovis People first discovered?

New Mexico

Story of the "discovery" of the Clovis People

Whiteman discovered them and their crescent spearheads in NM, but there was no interest from any academics. Several years later, a grad student was interested and the site finally gained notoriety

What happened when the Ice Age ice started to melt across Central & North America?

Being farming and agriculture. Grow the "3 sisters"

What were the "3 sisters" of early-native agriculture?

Corn, beans, squash

Which came first? Incans or Aztecs?

They were both created at the same time, and lasted for about 200 years

Location of Incan Empire

Western South America, stretch from Ecuador to Chile

Unique characteristics of Incas

12 million people, strong military, central religion and language, agriculture

When did the Mexica/Aztecs emerge and when was the peak of the their power?

Late 1200s, peaked in late 1400s

Capital city of Aztec empire & its population

Tenochtitlan, 200000 people, biggest city in Western Hemisphere before colonization

Where is Tenochtitlan today?

It became Mexico City

Identifying characteristics of Aztec Empire?

Conquer other tribes, spread out across Central America (where Mexico is today). religious culture, sacrificed non-Aztecs on altars.

How did the Aztec Empire crumble?

Smallpox brought from the Spanish conquistadores

What was the Adena-Hopewell culture known for?

Animal-shaped burial mounds that their leaders were buried in

Did the Mississippi culture come before or after Adena-Hopewell?

After Adena-Hopewell

How are Mississippi & Adena-Hopewell cultures related?

Improve the ideas of Adena-Hopewell with agriculture & trade outposts.

What is Mississippi culture known for?

Cahokia mounds, a series of 120 burial mounds and a city

How large was Cahokia mounds?

The largest city in North America with 15000 people, temples, homes, and buildings

How did Black Death get to Europe?

Carried by rats and fleas via the silk road from Asia to Kafa, Crimea. Tensions rose between Italians and Mongols, so they battled and Mongols catapulted their sick/dead soldiers into the city, spreading the plague and infecting the city and sailors.

What portion of Europe's population was killed off because of the Black Plague?

1/3

What percent of Asia's population was killed off because of the Black Plague?

Up to 70% in some cities

How many people died globally from the Black Plague?

200 million

Effect of Black Plague on European society/workers?

Most farmers/poor are dead so famine

Fewer people so cities specialize in different trades

Stronger countries try to take over weaker ones

Empires collapse or consolidate

Nation states rise

Feudal system collapses because of worker shortage in bigger cities so workers go to cities for more money

Core of renaissance

Europe's intellectuals rediscover Greek & Roman text, intellectual and curious time

Goal of Renaissance

Improve on Greek/Roman empire, city states run by business leaders/trades spring up, artists explorers and inventors are given free reign

Humanism

Renaissance idea to be curious and question religious POV of the world, stick to science and laws of nature

Galileo know for

Stars, gravity, telescope, Earth isn't the center of the universe, scientific method and experiments rather than assuming something is true because of you think it is

Spanish European rivals by the end of the 1400s

English, Portuguese, French

Who originally funded Columbus's voyage?

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain

Why did they fund Columbus's trip?

Wanted the riches of Asia without going over land, wanted to spread Christianity

What land/place did Columbus first reach in the Americas?

The Bahamas

Did Columbus ever reach North, South, or Central America?

No, he almost reached Florida, but he mainly stayed in the Caribbean Islands

Where did the Enclosure movement take place?

Britain

What it was like before the Enclosure movement

Rurally, small pieces of land owned by wealthy noble and rented by commoners to grow crops

What it was like after the Enclosure movement

Rurally, nobles kick commoners off the land, cut down the crops, and raise livestock

Why did the Enclosure movement happen?

Not much money in crops. Livestock was cheaper to raise and with a growing pop meant the country needed more meat to feed everyone so a lot of profit for livestock raisers.

How religion in South Spain changed during Ferdinand & Isabella's reign

Mix of Jews & Muslims beforehand, but they passed laws to either force them to convert to Christianity or flee Spain

Martin Luther's belief on Christianity/God

Devoted to God & believed salvation only happened with belief rather than money. Believes poor and wealthy should be able to read Bible for themselves.

How did Luther make the Bible more widely available?

Printing press invented during renaissance was helpful when Luther started translating the Bible from Latin to common German to be read by everyone

Sale of Repraise

Pope said that a Christian can escape mortal sin by paying priest rather than going to confession

Calvinism

Everyone, even Calvinists are damned, but there are some people who are on a list predestined for Heaven. Can't change list.

After Luther became famous, what religion/sect of Christianity was Eastern Europe?

Protestant

Treaty of Augsburg

Religion of country or state is based on the religion of the leader of that area

Smallpox symptoms

Get blisters & disease is airborne when they pop. In 12 days, either live or die.

Where (what animal) did Smallpox come from?

Cattle, not native to Americas

Who hires explorer Cartier?

France

What did France hire Cartier to do?

Explore St. Lawrence River (in Canada) and settles Quebec

What was England doing while Spain & France were exploring and getting rich? (3 main things)

Attempting to loot Spanish ships returning from South America, Reformation, Anglican Church

In the 1500s, when Spain was Catholic and England was Protestant, why did Spanish navy attack England?

Pope said that any Catholic who converts Protestants will go to Heaven so Spain sailed to England to convert them to Catholicism

Were the Spanish successful in their battle against the Protestant Brits?

No, almost all of the Spanish ships shipwrecked along the rough British coastline before they even got to fight the Brits

What did the Brits begin doing after "defeating" the most powerful Navy in the world, the Spanish?

Started exploring the New World

Which country sent Raleigh to explore North America?

Britain

What place in America does Raleigh settle? What did he call it vs what it's called today?

He named the island Virginia. It's called Roanoke Island, North Carolina today.

After leaving Roanoke and returning with settlers, what happened?

Raleigh returned to England but couldn't return to Roanoke for 3 years. When he finally returned, the entire colony was gone, leaving only Croatoan carved into a tree

Who was British King in 1215?

King John

What happened to King John's brother?

Involved in Crusades, but got captured and had to pay a huge ransom using tax money

Magna Carta

Put limit on royalty, their ability to tax, and the King can't do whatever he wants. Sets stage for Parliament.

How does King John relate to the Magna Carta?

His brother's huge ransom was the latest example of citizens paying for all of the King's decisions but not having any input, so commoners and nobility force King John to sign Magna Carta

Why did England become Protestant?

King Henry 8 wanted to divorce his wife so he could marry someone else and have a son, but the Pope refused so King Henry created the Anglican church with himself as the leader.

What was at the center of the English civil war?

Christianity (Puritanism, Anglicanism, and Catholicism), and if there is a state religion, what should it be and what rules should everyone follow

Puritan beliefs

Think Anglicanism is too close to Catholicism, want to end church hierarchy completely.

2 children of King Charles I

Charles II and James II

James II religion

Catholic in secret

First 2 children of James II

Mary and Anne

What deal did James II make with Charles when it came to his children's religion?

To become King, James II agreed that he wouldn't force his kids to be Catholic

What religion was Mary, James II's daughter?

Protestant

If Mary was next in line for the throne after James II and was Protestant, why was there a need for a Glorious Revolution?

James II remarried and had a son who would have become the heir and would have been Catholic, so Parliament asked Mary to kick her father off the throne and become Queen.

What happens to King James II during the Glorious Revolution?

He runs away so no blood was spilled and Mary becomes Queen

Which British King was the first British America colony named after?

King James I

What was the first British colony in the Americas called?

Jamestown (in Virginia)

How was the Jamestown colony run/set up?

Set up as a joint stock company made up of many wealthy investors to spread the risk out. They mainly focused on profit, but also converted people to Christianity

What happen to the first Jamestown settlers?

Less than 40 survives the first 9 months due to starvation, the cold, and being surrounded by natives

How did Jamestown not end in disaster?

John Smith forced all settlers to work if they wanted to eat, was disciplined, made friends with Algonquin tribes, and traded for food. Considered most successful settlement of the colonies.

What crop was perfect for growing in Jamestown/Virginia?

Tobacco

What happened around 1620 in Jamestown?

Created a version of Parliament and a governor in the colony for more self-government, and the king dissolved the join-stock company so the colony has full control over profit.

What is special about how the Maryland colony is set up?

Instead of a joint stock company, it's a proprietary colony and is owned by 1 person.

How did the charter for the Maryland colony come to be?

King Charles I's closest advisor, Calvert, becomes Catholic so he resigns but Charles doesn't want him to be broke so he gives him a charter to start a colony East of the Potomac

How is Calvert being Catholic important to the Maryland colony?

The colony becomes a Catholic refuge since being Catholic is illegal in Britain

How did the demography of the population shift in Maryland and why?

Once the English saw they could grow tobacco in Maryland, Protestants flooded in, scaring the persecuted Catholics

How did the Maryland governor respond to the flood of Protestants into the colony

Passed the Act of Toleration which provided legal protection to anyone who believed in Jesus

What happens to the Act of Toleration

When Puritans flood into Maryland from Britain, they take over, repeal the law, and ban Catholicism

Who was the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop

What type of colony was the MA Bay colony (economically and religiously)?

Joint stock company and a Puritan colony

Winthrop's City Upon A Hill sermon

Winthrop wants the colony to be a model of Puritan community and the role of government is to enforce religious beliefs for a stable society

What type of government did MA Bay colony have?

Had a governor that managed the colony locally outside of royal control, and a Parliament to check the power of the leaders

John Sassamon

A Native American who became Christian and heard his tribe was planning on attacking the Brits so he betrayed his tribe and warned the Brits. His tribe killed him.

What happened when John Sassamon was killed?

Even though he was a Native, he was Christian, so Natives technically killed a Cristian which provoked the Brits to respond by hanging Natives

How did King Phillip's War start?

After the Birtish responded to Sassamon's death by hanging Natives, the tribes killed and destroyed settlements while Brits responded

How did King Philip's War end?

When Chief Metacomet, the chief of the tribe Sassamon belonged to, was hanged.

Where did the Enlightenment start vs become famous?

Started in England but it took off and became popular in France

What kind of people were the Enlightenment figures?

Rich elites and intellectuals

Deism

God made the universe, but afterwards, he was "hands off" and doesn't control good or bad things that happen

What was the enlightenment and what was it responding to in France?

Enlightenment focused on the natural world and science separate from religion. French elites were fed up with the Kings' excessive spending and didn't think Kings should have absolute control without checks and balances