WHAP Unit 4.1-4.2

New Maritime Inventions

allow europe to ocean travel, compass, astrolabe, caravel (portugese, 3 masts) cartography, wind and currents knowledge

European population growth

difficult to find food or work, people looking for place to settle outside of persecution, younger sons looking to make money

Ocean Trade Connects

Europe to EA and SA, indian ocean trade at the time brings silk spices and tea to Mediterranean via red sea

Europe wants to be apart of indian ocean trade because

wants wealth and converts

omani-european rivalry

portugal puts forts in oman, oman attempts to remove them, people want to avoid this area, look for other routes to india

1492

columbus goes to america, connects people across atlantic, euro monopolizes trade between afroeurasia and americas

Trade items from America

sugar, tobacco, rum, silver

Trade Items from Africa

slaves

Trade Items from Asia

silk, spices, rubarb

Maritime Empires

centered around americas, spain, portugal, england, france, holland, most trade done by men, except in SEA

Henry the Navigator

portugal, prince, leading figure of navigation, first to sponsor expeditions around african coast

Advancments in ideas

more knowledge=safer, ex. newton's discovery of gravity=increased knowledge of tides and ocean depth

Improved Tech

astronomical charts, mesopetamia 2000's bce
telescope 1609, to make new charts
lateen sails
lateen+square sails

Three types of ships

Carrack- 150ft portugal 2 square 1 lateen
Caravel- 75ft, portugal/spain all lateen
Fluyt- 80ft dutch

Long term effect of maritime

expansion of exploration/trade, gunpowder introduced to europeans (aids in global conquest) islam spreads, tech spreads

Peter the Great

visits WEU and sees naval tech, hires german technicians to come build russian navy

Role of States in Maritime Trade

want wealth from trade & taxes, want gold/silver, spread christianity, want to expand before everyone else, finance expeditions

Mercantilism

wealth of nation is based on how much gold/silver they have, export more than import, goes hand in hand with colonization

Portugal

geography forces to look overseas to expand, multiple explorers go out for them looking for trade ports

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese ,sails around Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama

portuguese, goes around Africa to india, claims territory for portugal

Alfonso de Albuquerque

governor of Portuguese india, conquers hormuz, Goa, Malacca violently by 1511, charge tolls

Portuguese in China

go to china, guangzhou, little to no impact at first, missionaries come and convert a few but mostly fail

Porteguese Trading Posts

just want forts for trade, not to colonize, monopoly on spice trade, licensed all ships between malacca and hormuz, required permit to trade on indian ocean

Portuguese Vulnerabilities

succeed for a while, very small population, many merchants ignore license, gov becomes corrupt, dutch take malacca, english kick out of india

Portuguese in Japan

bring gunpowder, jesuits arrive and create large catholic communities, japan outlaws Catholicism and expels missionaries, Japan=isolationist

Spain

want to circumnavigate globe, claim phillipines

Ferdinand Magellan

spain sponsors expedition, claims phillipines, others come back 50 yrs later and conquer fully

Manila Phillipines

becomes spanish commercial center

Period of little exploration

over 100 years after 1490's cause not finding anything, interest reignited after spain discovers aztecs+gold conquer and enslave

Silver & China

china wants silver from americas, spanish send in galleons (w/ canons) and trade silver for goods and spices in manila, becomes chinese base currency

France

look for NW passage, as typically going around SAm or Af takes too long, set up trading posts for fur w/ local tribes

Jaques Cartier

french, sails from atlantic to St.Lawrence river, NUS border, claims canada instead of finding NW passage

Samuel de Champlain

finds many goods in america, french focus on fur trading

Quebec

merchants search for furs and indegenous tribes who know how to work w them, sought to convert them to christianity

La Salle

explores great lakes, follows Mississippi to gulf of mexico, claims all land around "Louis"iana, dont settle permantely

John Cabot

english, sent by Henry VII to find NWP, claims newfoundland to chesapeake bay

England

doesnt have naval power to enforce claims, 1588 defeat spanish armada, big deal

Jamestown

1607, first successful colony, several come after

English Colonies vs French

1 million people by 1754 vs 70,000

Henry Hudson

1609, explores east coast of america, claims hudson river valley and manhattan, establish new amsterdam

New Amsterdam

most key port on Atlantic, intersection of hudson and atlantic, trapper brings furs from canada to here, purchase crops from south and send goods to netherlands (mercantilism!)