present perfect vs present perfect subjunctive

present perfect

• expresses what has happened

• refers to recently completed actions or to a past that still bears relevance in the present

present perfect conjugation

he, has, ha, hemos, han

-ado

present perfect subjunctive

• refers to recently completed actions or past actions that still bear relevance in the present

• mainly used in subordinate clause of a sentence whose main clause expresses will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty

present perfect subjunctive conjugation

haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan

-ado

expressing will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial

present perfect subjunctive

when adjective clause describes an antecedent that is known to exist (la, el)

indicative

when the antecedent is uncertain or unknown (un, una)

use the subjunctive

when antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (nadie, ninguno/a)

subjunctive

conjunctions that introduce actions or states that are uncertain or have not yet happened

subjunctive

conjunctions that commonly express purpose, condition, or intent

subjunctive

conjunction examples that require subjunctive

a menos que - unless

antes (de que) - before

con tal (de) que - provided that

en case (de) que - in case

para que - so that

sin que - without, unless

conjunctions of time that require subjunctive

a pesar de que - despite

apenas - as soon as

aunque - although; even if

cuando - when

después (de) que - after

en cuanto - as soon as

hasta que - until

luego que - as soon as

mientras que - while

ni/no bien - as soon as

siempre que - as long as

tan pronto como - as soon as