BIOL 104 Exam 4

Lipid Bilayer

a Double Layer of Fat with Embedded Proteins

Cell Membrane

Part of the cell that does Cell Signaling, Attachment, Transport, Intracellular Joining,

Enzymatic Activity, and Cell-Cell Recognition

Dynamic Equilibrium

Where the Molecules continue to Move Back and Forth Across the Membran

Passive

Diffusion of dye across the membrane is a ___ transport example

Selectively Permeable

Small molecules (Such as O2 ) Generally Pass Through More readily Than Larger Molecules Such as Amino Acid because the membrane is ___

Selectively Impermeable

Some Very Small Substances are too Hydrophilic to Pass through the Phospholipid Bilayer because the cell membrane is sometimes ___

Passive Transport

a Substance Diffuses Down Its concentration Gradient in ____

Concentration Gradient

Where a Substance is More concentrated to Where it is Less Concentrate

Proteins

Substances That Cannot Spontaneously Move Across the Cell Membrane Can Be Transported via

Faciliated Diffusion

Uses Proteins to Transport Materials Down a concentration Gradient Without Expending Energy

Osmosis

Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Solute

Substance that is being dissolved

Solvent

Substance that is doing the dissolving

Solution

Resulting mixture of something dissolved and what dissolved it

Hypertonic

Solution with a Higher Salt Concentration is

Hypotonic

Solution with a Lower Salt Concentration is

Isotonic

when Diffusion Stops Once the Water Concentration is the Same on Both Sides of the Membrane

is Hypotonic

An Animal Cell Shrivels When it _______ Compared to its Environment

ATP

What Molecules is the Usual Energy Source for Active Transport

Exocytosis

During Protein Production by the Cell, Secretory Proteins exit the Cell From Transport Vesicles That Fuse With the plasma Membrane Spilling the Contents Outside the Cell

Endocytosis

Brings Large Molecules Into the Cell via Vesicles that Bud Inward

Phagocytosis

When a Cell Engulfs a Particle and Packages it Within a Vacuole

Pinocytosis

When a Cell Engulfs a SMALL MOLECULE and Packages it Within a Vacuole

Stroma

Inner Membrane Encloses a Compartment Filled with a Thick fluid Called

Chloraplasts, Stomata

Photosynthesis Takes Place Within Organelles Called ______ Using Gases That are Exchanged via Pores Called ______

Oxygen and Hydrogen

Water Molecules are Split in the Process of photosynthesis into _____

Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages; ______ and _____

Electrons

During Light Reactions Water is Split to Produce a Source of ____

CO2 and H2O

What Molecules are the Inputs of Photosynthesis

Glucose and O2

What molecules are the outputs of photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll A

the Main Pigment, Absorbs Mainly Blue, Violet and Red Wavelengths

Chlorophyll B

Absorbs Mainly Blue and Orange Wavelengths

Carotenoids

Participate in Light Absorption and mainly Absorb Blue-Green Light

Greater

Shorter the Wavelength the _____ the Energy in a Photo

Electrons, unstable

When a Pigment Absorbs a Photon One of the Pigment’s ____ Gains Energy and becomes ______

Photosystem, Thylakoid Membrane

Each ______ (located in the ______) Contains Chlorophylls a and b and Some

Carotenoids

ATP, NADPH

Trapped Energy Produces ____ and ____

Light-excited

Electron Acceptor Traps the _____ electron

Primary Electron Acceptor

Chlorophyll a Sits Next to a ______

Reaction Center

A _____Transfers a Light-Excited Photon From Pigment Molecules to Molecules That Can This Energy to Drive Chemical Reactions

O2, 2 H+, and 2 Electrons (e-)

Electrons That are Excited by Sunlight in the First Photosystem Run Down an Electron Transport Chain to a Second Photosystem where Electrons are Replaced by the Breakdown of Water to ______

NADPH

The Excited Electrons From the Second Photosystem Also Run Down an Electron Transport Chain to Produce

NAD+, NADPH

The Splitting of Water Provides Electrons for Converting _____ to ____

synthesis of ATP

In Addition to Conveying Electrons Between Photosystems, the Electron Transport Chains of Chloroplasts Provide the Energy for the ______

Light Independent

The calvin cycle is ____

Sugar

The Calvin Cycle produces _____

NADPH provides

______ the High-Energy That are Added to CO2 to form G3P (a Sugar)

Light Dependent

Reactions in the Thylakoid Membrane are _____

Aerobic

Cellular Respiration is an ____ Process

Organic Fuel Molecules

Cellular Respiration is the Aerobic Harvesting of Chemical Energy From

Glycolysis

Where Glucose is Split In to 2 Molecules Called Pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle

Where Pyruvate is Reduced to CO2 and H2O

Electron Transport

Where Electrons are Combined With O2 to Form H2O and the Most ATP is Produced

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport are the 3 stages of ___

32

____ ATP Molecules are Produced From 1 Glucose Molecule

Pyruvic Acid

Two Molecules of What Compound are Produced by Glycolysis?

Acetic Acid

Pyruvic Acid is converted to ____

The Electron Transport chain

The Electrons That are Stored in NADH and FADH2 are Harvested in

Mitochondria

The Molecules of the Electron Chain are Built Into the Inner Membrane of the

2

FADH2 Enter the Chain One Molecule After the NADH and Produce Only ___ ATP

the inner membrane of a mitochondria

the Potential Energy Source That Drives ATP Production by ATP Synthase

is Concentration Gradient of H+ Across ____

Lactic Acid, Ethanol

The NADH Produced in Glycolysis is Used to Convert the Pyruvate to _____ or ____

Substrate, Active Site

The ____ and the Enzyme’s ____ are Complementary in Shape and Chemistry

Genetic Drift

the Change in the Gene Pool of a Population Due to Chance

Bottleneck Effect

Occurs Whenever Disasters Kill of Large Numbers of Individuals Producing a Small Surviving Population That is Unlikely to Have the Same Genetic Makeup

Founder Effect

Occurs When a New Population is Formed by a Few Individuals on an Isolated Island, Lake or New Habitat