Honors Chemistry Semester 1: Measurements, Matter, and Atomic Structure

What is the definition of significant figures?

The number of digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one estimated digit.

How many significant figures are in the measurement 12005?

5

How many significant figures are in the measurement 0.0148030?

5

What is the conversion factor between milliliters and liters?

1 L = 1000 mL

What is the density formula?

Density = mass/volume

What is the density of a liquid that has a mass of 78.09 g and a volume of 500 mL?

0.156 g/mL

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision is how repeatable measurements are.

What is a pure substance?

A material made up of only one type of particle.

What is a mixture?

A combination of two or more different particles.

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

What are physical properties?

Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.

What are chemical properties?

Characteristics that describe a substance's ability to undergo a chemical change.

What is the average atomic mass?

The weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes based on their natural abundance.

What is the Aufbau principle?

Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.

What is Hund's rule?

Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied.

What is the Pauli exclusion principle?

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?

Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition, while heterogeneous mixtures have a varied composition.

What is a physical change?

A change that does not alter the chemical composition of a substance.

What is a chemical change?

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances.

What is the significance of significant digits in calculations?

They determine the precision of the result based on the least precise measurement.

How many electrons can occupy an s orbital?

2 electrons

How many electrons can occupy a p orbital?

6 electrons

How many electrons can occupy a d orbital?

10 electrons

How many electrons can occupy an f orbital?

14 electrons

What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin?

K = °C + 273.15

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

What is the formula for converting Celsius to Kelvin?

K = °C + 273.15

What does Hund's Rule state?

Hund's Rule states that every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied.

How is the periodic table arranged?

The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

Where are metals located on the periodic table?

Metals are located to the left of the staircase on the periodic table.

What are the properties of metals?

Metals are good conductors, malleable, ductile, and solid at room temperature.

Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?

Nonmetals are located to the right of the staircase on the periodic table.

What are the properties of nonmetals?

Nonmetals are poor conductors, brittle, and mostly gases at room temperature.

What are metalloids?

Metalloids are located on the staircase and are semi-conductors.

What is electronegativity?

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

What is ionization energy?

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

What is the atomic radius?

Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell of an electron.

What is a cation?

A cation is an atom that has lost one or more electrons and has a positive charge.

What is an anion?

An anion is an atom that has gained one or more electrons and has a negative charge.

Which type of elements tend to form anions?

Nonmetals tend to form anions.

Which type of elements tend to form cations?

Metals tend to form cations.

What is a binary compound?

A binary compound is a chemical compound that contains exactly two different elements.

What is a ternary compound?

A ternary compound is a chemical compound that contains three different elements.

What is a molecular compound?

A molecular compound is composed of two or more nonmetals that share electrons.

What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

What is a Lewis structure?

A Lewis structure is a diagram that shows the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons.

What is the octet rule?

The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons.

What is a formula unit?

A formula unit is the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound.

What is a polyatomic ion?

A polyatomic ion is a charged entity composed of two or more atoms.

What is the significance of valence electrons?

Valence electrons determine how an atom can bond with other atoms.

What is a molecular formula?

A molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms in a molecule.

What is VSEPR Theory?

VSEPR Theory is used to predict the geometry of individual molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.