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What does the Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews, issued by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, entail?
It ordered Jews and Jewesses of their kingdoms to depart and never return.
How did social hierarchies change in Europe between 1450 and 1750?
Social hierarchies began to develop and transform as rebellions increased and different ethnic groups were treated differently.
What were the Gunpowder Empires, and why were they significant?
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, known for their military success using gunpowder technology.
What was the role of the Janissaries in Ottoman society?
They were a powerful military elite that gained prestige and eventually challenged the sultans.
What was the 'timar' system used by the Ottoman sultans?
A land grant system where the sultan granted land to soldiers in exchange for military service.
How did the Ottoman Empire treat religious minorities?
The empire was relatively tolerant, allowing non-Muslims to worship but imposing taxes and restrictions.
What was Akbar's approach to religion in the Mughal Empire?
He was tolerant of all religions, abolished the jizya tax, and supported various faiths.
What significant role did Roxelana play in the Ottoman Empire?
She became influential as a political figure and was notable for controlling her own political power.
What was the social hierarchy in Europe during the time period around 1450 to 1750?
It typically consisted of royalty at the top, followed by the aristocracy, the middle class, and then peasants.
How did the Qing Dynasty maintain control over Han Chinese society?
They enforced ethnic and cultural dominance, limiting the rights of non-Manchu citizens.
What was the Casta System in Latin America?
A social hierarchy based on race and ancestry, starting with peninsulares at the top.
What was a major cause of peasant revolts in Russia?
The increasing power of the nobility over the serfs and their harsh living conditions.
What was the significance of Ana Nzinga in Africa during the 17th century?
She became ruler of Ndongo and allied with the Dutch to resist Portuguese raids.
What event is referred to as the Glorious Revolution in England?
The takeover of the English throne by William of Orange and Mary II, strengthening Parliament.
What impact did the Maratha Empire have on the Mughal rule in India?
It fought against the Mughals from 1680-1707, effectively ending their dominance in the region.
How did serfdom function in Russia compared to Western Europe by the 17th century?
Serfdom persisted in Russia long after it had ended in most of Western Europe, binding peasants to the land.
What caused the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?
It was a rebellion by indigenous groups against Spanish colonizers trying to enforce religious conversions.
What was the Pugachev Rebellion?
An uprising in Russia led by Yemelyan Pugachev against Catherine the Great, claiming to be the murdered emperor.
What was the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa?
It led to depopulation, social disruption, and economic decline in many African communities.
What major event took place in France in 1789?
The French Revolution began, leading to significant political and social changes.
What is the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, influencing colonial expansion.
What was the role of the Catholic Church in colonial Latin America?
It played a crucial role in education, governance, and the conversion of indigenous peoples.
What were the primary motives for European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?
Desire for new trade routes, wealth, and spreading Christianity.
Who was Martin Luther and what did he initiate?
He was a monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.
What characterized the Industrial Revolution?
It was marked by the shift from agrarian economies to industrial production and urbanization.
What was the significance of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?
It regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the 'Scramble for Africa'.
What was the underlying cause of the Thirty Years' War?
Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire.
What was one consequence of the Opium Wars in China?
It led to significant territorial losses for China and the imposition of unequal treaties.
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