verts exam pt. 3

what does a plateau in oxygen equilibrium mean

blood oxygen partial pressure sufficient to saturate blood hemoglobin

what allows for increased oxygen in blood

respiratory pigments

What respiratory pigments do chordates use

hemoglobin and myoglobin

where is myoglobin seen

muscle tissue

myoglobin structure

globin protein with heme pigment

heme group

iron based group attachment for oxygen

hemoglobin

tetrameric protein with 1 attachment per globin, specific specific

What happens to oxygen pressure when globins gets saturated

pressure increases

p50

pressure of oxygen when 50% oxygen bound to a transport protein

when is myoglobin best used

lower pressures because has a lower p50

What decreases affinity of oxygen to heme groups

increase of co2 to make blood acidic through carbonic acid and raised temperature

what does a flat slope on o2 vs. po2 graph mean

less metabollicaly demanding

when does embryonic hemoglobin become fetal hemoglobin and when does fetal hemoglobin become adult hemoglobin

after 3 months and 3 months post natal

why do you need a large SA

o2 exchange and rapid means of trnasport to tissues

circulatory system of vertebrates

closed system with pump, conduction vessels , capillaries

what is the heart used for

establish pressure gradient so that fluid will always flow down

characteristics of a heart

pulsatile compliance chambers, prominent back flow valves with endogenous rhythms

endogenous rhythms

heart dictates own beat

characteristic of conducting vessels

large radius for less resistance to create less work for the heart and thicker walls for less diffusion while in transport

order of conduction pathway vessel thickness

arterial wall, venous, capillary

Anastomosis functioin

direct blood flow and control blood tissue by opening or shutting

characteristics of capillary

small diameter and short, high resistance and short vessels needed or blood would not flow

what is resistance directly proportional and inversely to

length and radius^4

where is blood pressure the greatest

aorta and arteries

in what part of the conduction vessels is these the most resistance

arterioles because smaller and narrower

how are arterioles set compared to eachother and how does that impact their function

set in parallel and can change the flow through one but pressure difference is the same across the area

What muscles can change blood flow with contraction from chemical signals

smooth muscles

three regions of gut

hindgut, midgut, foregut

foregut function of digestive area

moves food and may start digestion

midgut function

acidic digestion and absorption

hindgut function

absorption of water and condense and removal of waste

foregut of human

oral pharynx and esophagus

midgut in humans

stomach and small intestine

hindgut in humans

large intestine and rectum

what does a bird have that is different from other GI tracts

crop in foregut

what does a fish have that is different from other GI tracts

pyloric ceca in midgut

mucosal layer function

lines lumen with epithelial cells

sub mucosal layer function

blood supply to gut

muscle layer in gut function

motility

adventitial layer function

connective tissue layer cover around GI tract

what allows for movement through mucosal layer

channel and carrier proteins and passive diffusion

channel protein

hydrophilic pore to let small ions pass and very selective

carrier protein

has a binding site with molecular shifts

coupled transport

movement up concentration gradient by moving molecules down a concentration gradient

simport

form of coupled transport where both molecules move in the same direction

what does the lumen epithelium have

absorptive enterocytes

what forms of transport are used in apical and basal of enterocytes

facilitated diffusion, active transport, bulk, simple diffusion

how is surface area in small intestine increased

mucossal villil and cellular microvilli which is villi for the villli

what does body size relate to in terms of the intestine

surface area of GI tract

do endotherms or ectotherms have a slightly higher surface area

endotherms

what is fermentation necessary for

process cellulose

qualities of fermentation

slow and temperature dependent

how does small intestine work

plug flow where food is coming in and product is moved out, and reactor uniform at any position

what does a decreased flow rate in a plug flow reactor

dramatic drop in reactant and increase in product (greater impact)

what would cause the rate of digestion to speed up

toxins not notified in stomach

where is the continuous flow/ stir model seen

stomach, rumen, saccular, large bowel

how does continuous flow work

components are always coming and removed while unchanged with a unidirectional flow, flow rate is impacted like plug flow

how do batch reactors work

components are move in, uniform mixing for reaction and products move out

foregut fermentors

cellulose is handled before it reaches the digestive and absorptive system

What kind of flow is the rumen in foregut fermentors

continuous flow reactor

what kind of food do foregut fermentors eat

low quality food

hindgut fermentors

cellulose handled after the small intestine

What kind of flow is the cecum in a hindgut fermentor

batch reactor

what kind of food do hindgut fermentors consume

high quality food with lower cellulose

What environment is the rumen in

anaerobic environment

Rumen functions

make volatile fatty acids and proteins

What does the rumen have for digestion

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists

food breakdown equation

cellulose + microorganisms + NH3= more micro organisms + VFAs+ Co2 + CH4

VFA in order of production

acetate, propionate, butyrate, and others

Propionate function

synthesize glucose

saliva function

creates fluid environment for microorganisms

Why is urea cycled into saliva “urea recycling”

source of nitrogen for microorganisms growth and protein synthesis

Why is bicarbonate cycled into saliva

vfa production makes the rumen acidic which is buffered by bicarbonate

order of digestion for foregut fermentors

mouth - rumen -reticulum - omassum -abomassum - intestine

omassum function

prevents large groups of food from entering abomassum but allows microbes through

reticulum and rumen ph

5.5-7.5

how are volatile acids absorbed

through rumen wall

Abomasum

true stomach ph 1-2 for pepsin secreting

what kind of foregut for llama and sheep have

multichambered with a long small intestine attached