15.EndocrinePT2_study_guide

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A hormone that promotes water retention in the body by acting on the kidneys and causing vasoconstriction.

V1 receptors

Receptors located in vascular smooth muscle that, when bound by ADH, induce vasoconstriction.

V2 receptors

Receptors located in the collecting duct of the nephron that promote water retention when bound by ADH.

Pathological change: Decreased ADH levels

Occurs in conditions such as central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus.

Central/neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A type of diabetes insipidus caused by a defect in the synthesis or release of ADH, often due to head injury or surgery.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A type of diabetes insipidus due to the impaired kidney response to ADH, often caused by genetic defects or electrolyte disorders.

Ectopic ADH production

ADH synthesis by tumors or other tissues outside the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A condition characterized by excessive release of ADH, leading to water retention and hyponatremia.

Glucose metabolism

The process by which the body utilizes glucose from the blood for energy.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose when blood glucose levels are low.

Gluconeogenesis

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fats.

Insulin

A hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Counter-regulatory hormones

Hormones that increase blood glucose levels to counteract hypoglycemia, including glucagon and epinephrine.

Absolute insulin deficiency

A condition where there is a complete lack of insulin production, typical of Type 1 diabetes.

Insulin resistance

A condition where body cells do not respond properly to insulin, commonly associated with Type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A form of diabetes characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes resulting from insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose and ketone production.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

A serious condition in Type 2 diabetes involving extreme hyperglycemia and dehydration, possibly precipitated by stress.

Hypoglycemia

A condition marked by abnormally low blood glucose levels, potentially caused by excessive insulin or insufficient food intake.

Microvascular complications

Long-term complications of diabetes affecting small blood vessels, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.

Macrovascular complications

Long-term complications of diabetes affecting large blood vessels, leading to conditions like CAD, PVD, and stroke.

Diabetic foot ulcers

Complications arising from diabetes caused by neuropathy and vascular insufficiency, leading to chronic wounds.

Serum osmolality

A measure of the amount of solute in the blood, which influences the release of ADH.

Fasting glucose

Blood glucose measured after not eating for a certain period, typically 60-100 mg/dl.

Random glucose

Blood glucose measurement at any time, typically 80-120 mg/dl.

Glycogen storage

The process in which excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.

ADH release triggers

Increased serum osmolality, decreased blood volume, stress.

Stress-induced ADH release

Increased release of ADH due to physical or emotional stressors.

Electrolyte disorders

Conditions affecting the balance of electrolytes in the body, potentially leading to nephrogenic diabetes.

Beta cell exhaustion

The diminished function of insulin-producing beta cells due to prolonged insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes.

Obesity and diabetes risk

Excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus complications

Acute and long-term health issues arising from diabetes, affecting multiple organ systems.

Insulin transport in cells

Insulin facilitates the movement of glucose into cells for energy and storage.

Chronic hyperglycemia

Persistently high blood glucose levels, leading to damage to blood vessels and nerves over time.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Factors contributing to heart disease, common in patients with diabetes due to metabolic syndrome.

Vascular insufficiency

Reduced blood flow to tissues, often seen in diabetic patients, leading to complications like foot ulcers.

Neuropathic complications

Nerve damage resulting from diabetes, leading to issues like foot ulcers and loss of sensation.

Dietary effects on blood glucose

The influence of carbohydrate intake on blood glucose levels, particularly in diabetes management.

Hormonal balance in glucose regulation

The interplay between insulin and counter-regulatory hormones in maintaining glucose homeostasis.

Stress effects on diabetes

Physical or emotional stress can exacerbate blood glucose levels and impact insulin action.

Insulin receptor defects

Abnormalities in insulin receptors that lead to resistance and impaired glucose uptake.